Positive Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the methodologies of myers and diener ?

A

Not a study- as they did not carry out own experiment
No IV or DV so was not scientific
Carried out a literature review- collected findings of many studies to draw overall conclusion.
Used secondary sources of data interview, questionnaires, correlations which assessed subjective wellbeing.

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2
Q

Evaluate the methodology of myers and diener

A

Self report studies are subjective and may have researcher bias
Showed correlations, but ignore the cause bc there is no iv or dv. Could be intervening variables. E.g are people more happy bc they are married or bc of other factors within the marriage ie money ?
Literature reviews are a secondary source. Have a lack of accuracy.
In questionnaires participants may give socially desirable answers.
Research has found thsoe that give socially desireablity scores correlate with happiness scores. So happy people tend to give desireable answers.So still valid.
Observations may lead to participants acting differently.

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3
Q

Evaluate sampling used in myers and diener?

A

Lack of population validity as conducted mainly in USA.
Cannot generalise findings to entire population.

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4
Q

Evaluate ethical implications of myers and dieners ?

A

Risk of trauma
stress and anxiety due to participants reflecting on how happy they may be.
Risk to values and beliefs
People may feel uncomfortable talking about their opinions on the topic and may conform to the idea proposed.

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5
Q

Evaluate social implications of myers and diener ?

A

Socially sensitive research
Highlight between different groups in society for example individualist and collectivist cultures.

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6
Q

What are the components of mindfulness ?

A

Meditation and breathing
Informal practices
Gaining control of thoughts

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7
Q

What is mindfulness ?

A

Mindfulness is a positive therapy that gets people to focus on the present.
Brings mind into focus. Helps people deal with stress.

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8
Q

Where is mindfulness applied ?

A

Informally in apps widely available such as headspace.
Applied in schools/ armed forces

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9
Q

Aims of mindfulness

A

Paying attention to the the present moment using , meditation, breathing and yoga.
Become more aware of our own thoughts.
Avoid becoming overwhelmed by better management of our thoughts.

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10
Q

What is meant by meditation and mindful breathing ?

A

Meditation is usually learned through guided instruction and personal practice.
Individual is asked to sit with spine straight and pay attention to breathing.
They pay attention to body sensations and present thoughts and feelings.
This refocuses the mind on the present.
Teaches that thoughts come and go.
Negative thoughts are not permanent and can be changed.

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11
Q

What is meant by gaining control of thoughts?

A

Being mindful focus on present thoughts, feeling and emotions.
We tend to focus on past (old feelings) or future (worrying endlessly)
To become aware of incoming thoughts and accept them.
Focusing on the present allows us to gain greater awareness of negative thoughts, therefore going control over them.

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12
Q

What is meant by informal practices ?

A

Once learnt, mindfulness can be applied throughout daily activities.
Whilst cleaning, driving or showering e.g.
asks individuals to focus on present surroundings e.g sensation of water on skin.
When attention begins to wander attention should be brought back to these sensations.

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13
Q

How has mindfulness based cognitive therapy been applied ?

A

Has been used to help prevent patients with depression from relapse.

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14
Q

What was the research conducted for MBCT? How does it show its effective ?

A

Teasdale et al
145 recurrently depressed patients.
Randomly allocated to receive treatment as usual plus eight class of MBCT.
Relapse to depression was Assessed over 60 weeks.
Helped- who had suffered the most previous episodes.
No effect- only 2 episodes in past
Reduced risk- those who had three or more.

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15
Q

Effectiveness of mindfulness in mindfulness based stress reduction

A

MBSR used for those suffering from painful chronic or terminal conditions.
Reibel et al reported MBSR decreased levels of anxiety and depression in 136 patients in an 8 week programme.

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16
Q

Effectiveness of mindulness
Group versus individual mindfulness ?

A

Mindfulness meditation is more effective in group settings.
Mantzios and giannou
170 participants
6 weeks
Randomly given group or individual
Participants in group setting lost more weight.

17
Q

What are the ethical issues of mindfulness ?

A

Does not use client blame like Cbt so can avoid psychological harm and patient distress.

Mindfulness can teach moral and ethical standards.
It is being taught in organisations to enhance leadership skills.

18
Q

What we’re the findings of age in miles and diener study ?

A

Age- inglehart 170,000 people in 16 countries of all ages were equally happy with an 80% satisfaction score.
However at different ages different factors contribute to happiness. E.g as you get older health becomes more important found helzog et al.

19
Q

What we’re the findings of gender in miles and diener study ?

A

1% of global well being is accounted for by gender. Found haring et al.
Women and men were found to be as equally satisfied with life. Both having 80% in ingleharts study.
Women are found to be twice more likely to suffer with depression.

20
Q

What we’re the findings of face and culture on happiness in miles and diener ?

A

Diener et al found that African American were nearly twice as happy as European Americans.
People in individualist cultures report great swb than in collectivist cultures.
Individualist cultures look at individual needs rather than needs of a group.

21
Q

What we’re the findings of money and happiness in miles and diener study ?

A

Most people agree more money would make them a little happier.
People who are rich do not report greater levels of happiness. 37% of those on Forbes rich list are less happy than average American found diener et al.
In poor economic areas, like Bangladesh wealthier people have a higher swb than those without money.

22
Q

What traits do happy people have ?

A

High self esteem
Sense of personal control - empowered to do better at school cope better and are happier
Optimism - expecting to succeed
Extra version - outgoing

23
Q

What else efffects happiness ?

A

Relationships
Work
Faith

24
Q

Researchers involved in miles and diener study ?

A

Haring et al - gender 1% global well being
Lee et al - marriage 39% non married 24%
Diener et al - 37% Forbes rich lost
African Americans almost twice more happy than European Americans
Halzog et al- different factors make us happy as we age health and social.
Inglehart- 170,000 people 16 countries 80% satisfaction with life overall ages
80% women and 80% men

25
Q

What is a positive of approach being Free will ?

A

Inspires people to make the changes necessary for their behaviour to change and well being to improve.

26
Q

What is a negative of the approach being free will ?

A

May put too much pressure on the individual to fix their happiness and could make them feel worse.

27
Q

What is a positive of the approach being holistic ?

A

Offers a complete explanations for complex phenomenon ie well being.

28
Q

Negative of holistic ?

A

It makes it harder to conduct and carry out research.
Therefore, harder to provide therapies

29
Q

Why is the fact the positive approach is idiographic and nomothetic a positive of the approach ?

A

Recognises the importance of individual factors (reflection on own thoughts) in behaviour. It develops a nomothetic theory of behaviour (miles and diener) which is a benefit as it can be applied to more people.

30
Q

Why is the approach interactionist?

A

Takes into account both innate factors (our genes) and environmental factors (relationships in Miles and diener) to provide a complete explanation of behaviour

31
Q

How is the approach being scientific a positive ?

A

Random allocation of people who suffer recurrent depression in the Teasdale et al study is scientific as it is controlling conditions.
More likely to receive funding for further research, more credible and more accepted by public.