Cognitive Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the strengths of determinism in cognitive approach ?

A

Allows psychologists to research and understand what causes behaviour. This allows psychologists to develop new treatments and therapies.

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2
Q

Why may determinism be a weakness of cognitive approach ?

A

Criminals may use this excuse to justify bad behaviour as it is out of their control. They cannot change their behaviour if it is predetermined for them.

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3
Q

Why is reductionism a strength of cognitive approach V

A

Taking a more complex phenomenon and breaking it down into its smaller constituent parts help psychologists to investigate more easily.

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4
Q

Why is reductionism a weakness of cognitive approach ?

A

Psychologists can ignore the bigger factors associated with human behaviour.
Simplifying too much can distort from bigger issue.
Not a complete account of human behaviour.

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5
Q

Is cognitive approach applied successfully ?

A

Yes

Psychological knowledge of the cognitive approach has led to CBT.
This is an extremely effective therapy used in todays society. Deals with issues such as OCD.

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6
Q

What are the main components of cbt ?

A

Cognitive restructuring
Negative thought diary
Pleasant activity scheduling

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7
Q

What is pleasant activity scheduling ?

A

The patient is asked to schedule one pleasant activity a day over a week.
These activities should either give a sense of accomplishment ie going to the gym or encourage patient to change their routine.
By engaging in more pleasant activity, patients will experience more positive emotions and distract from negative thoughts.
Known as behavioural activation.
Clients are asked to record their experiences.

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8
Q

What is cognitive restructuring ?

A

Therapist and client work together to change negative thinking patterns.
This is aka as therapy during therapy.
A client says what they may be distressed about ie somebody gave them a dirty look.
The therapist will then challenge with rational questions like is there enough evidence to suggest this? If so what is the worst that can happen ?
Aims to replace negative thinking with more rational thoughs.

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9
Q

What is negative thought diary ?

A

Client is asked to keep a journal as homework.
When a negative event brings negative emotions they are asked to write it down.
They are then asked to rate how much they believe in these emotions from 1-100%
They are then asked to write a rational response and rate this in how much they believe in it.
They are then asked to re rate their original response. This is challenging dysfunctional thoughts and teaching a more rational way to to approach things.

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10
Q

Does research support the effectiveness of cbt?

A

In many studies CBT has been found highly effective in challenging and treating negative thoughts.
Jarred et al found that CBT was as effective as some anti depressant drugs when treating patients with severe depression over a 10 week period.
Hollon et al found CBT was not as effective as another type of antidepressant in another 10 week trial.
Therefore, CBT may not be the most effective way to deal with these issues.

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11
Q

How does therapist competence effect Cbt?

A

The ability for a therapist to structure successions, assign “homework” and the ability to enable and establish relationships will effect the results.
Kuyken and tsivrikos suggest 15% of the varied outcomes of CBT effectiveness are due to therapist competence.
Therefore CBT may not be effective for all clients as each may have a different approach and therefore different outcome.

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12
Q

How will Individual differences effect the effectiveness of Cbt ?

A

May be more suitable to some more than others.
Individual differences should be taken into account when applying therapies.
CBT may be less effective for those with irrational thoughts.
Simons et al people may be stressed due to realistic stressors ie job or money. Wouldn’t be effective as it isn’t irrational.

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13
Q

Why is patient blame an ethical issue in Cbt ?

A

CBT suggest that the client is responsible.
It does not take into account other factors ie home life or relationships.
These could be contributing factors.
Therefore the real cause of the problem is not being treated and symptoms may arise again.

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14
Q

Why is rationality an ethical concern in Cbt ?

A

While some thoughts may seem irrational to some people, they may not be irrational.
Alloy and Abrahamson suggested that depressive realists see things for what they truly are and normal people distort life in a positive way.
Therefore ethical issues such as psychological harm could occur as we are changing the way people perceive things according to how we see them.

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15
Q

What was the methodology of loftus and palmer ?

A

Two experiments
Conducted in a lab
With independent groups design each experiment had different participants.
Experiment 1 - 45 student participants
Experiment 2 - 150 student

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16
Q

Procedures of experiment 1 ?

A

-shown 7 clips of different car accidents.
-ranged from 5-30 seconds long
- participants received a questionnaire
- asked a range of questions about what they seen
- how fast were the cars going when they —— ? The word in space changed from group to group.
- 5 groups each had 9 participants

17
Q

What words were used to fill in the blanks ?

A

Smashed
Hit
Collided
Bumped
Contacted
Each group was asked to estimate the speed in mph the car was travelling at.

18
Q

What we’re the procedures in experiment 2 ?

A

Whether leading questions affected a persons memory.
Shown a film of a car crash.
Accident lasted less than 4 seconds
Asked a set of questions and the critical question about speed.
Divided into three groups of 50 participants.

19
Q

What we’re group 1 asked in experiment 2 ?

A

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into eachother ?

20
Q

What were group 2 asked in experiment 2 ?

A

How fast were the cars going when they hit eachother ?

21
Q

What were group 3 asked in experiment 2 ?

A

Control group
No questions asked.

22
Q

What was the second part of experiment 2 ?

A

One week later they returned.
All participants were asked did you see any broken glass ?
No broken glass shown in film.
Those who thought car was travelling faster may have expected broken glass.

23
Q

What were the conclusions of loftus and palmer study ?

A

The form of the question asked can effect the witnesses answer to that question

24
Q

What we’re the explanations for loftus and palmers conclusion?

A

Response bias factors
Memory is altered

25
Q

What is meant by response bias factors ?

A

The different speed estimates occurred because the critical word influences the persons response.

26
Q

What is meant by memory is altered ?

A

Perception of accident is different according to word used.
In experiment 2, leading questions changed the memory the person had for the event.

27
Q

What is the evaluation of loftus and palmer methodology and procedures.

A

Controlled experiment- demonstrates a causal relationship. By manipulating iv we can see the effect on the dv.
Ecological validity- lacks ecological validity as p’s didn’t witness accident so may respond differently. Foster et al showed that when participants believed they were watching a real robbery and their responses would influence the trial the identification of robber was more accurate.
The sample - unrepresentative and lack of population validity as it was just student used.

28
Q

What we’re the ethical implications of Watson and Rayner ?

A

Lack of valid consent- participants weren’t aware of the true aims of the study. Aims were hidden so participants didn’t act more careful of their responses. This would make study useless.
Deception was used.
Psychological harm - watching films could’ve brought up sensitive issues for participants. This could cause distress for individuals and lead to psychological harm. However, less psychological harm than them expecting a real accident.

29
Q

What is the researcher for therapist competence ?

A

Kuyken and tsivikos
15% of varied outcomes of Cbt are down to the competence of therapist.

30
Q

What was the researcher for individual differences ?

A

Simons et al
People who are stressed due to real life stressors ie job money won’t find Cbt effective as worries aren’t irritational

31
Q

What was the researcher for what is rational ?

A

Alloy and abrahamson
Depressive realists

32
Q

Who were the researchers for research support ?

A

Hollen et al - Cbt is not superior to all anti-depressant drugs. 108 p’s 10 week study.
Jarred et al- Cbt just as effective as some anti depressants. 107 p’s 10 week study.

33
Q

What researcher suggest methodology of Watson and Rainer may lack ecological validity ?

A

Foster et al -
When p’s believed they were watching a real robbery and their account would influence the trial more participants were able to give a correct description of robber.