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History 2 > Portugese Iberia > Flashcards

Portugese Iberia Flashcards

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1
Q

Monasticism

A

Monks and nuns living together in a single community.

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2
Q

Vandals visgoths franks

A

Groups that were the first to break thru roman northern defenses via western europe Vandals - conquer iberia and northern africa Visgoths - take central part of iberia Franks - take region of Gaul

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3
Q

Thriding

A

Deal that invaders made: must give away 2/3rd of land and 1/3rd of slaves.

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4
Q

Schism

A

A formal division resulting form disagreements about doctrine.

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5
Q

How was thriding a win-win for both sides?

A

Good win for invaders because there is more force and less resistance It was good for the roman elites because they could stay alive

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6
Q

The term ‘serf’ ; meaning

A

Derived from the word servi/servus(slave/s ). Eventually evolves into serf. Change happens overtime after centuries in western europe Serfs were not technically slaves but not free as well. They are not natally alienated or socially dead. They cant be killed for nothing but they could be whipped as punishment for wrongdoing. They are unfree but had rights. They work for nobles and pay them with crops they get (this is learned throughout this study)

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7
Q

Sclavus

A

New term for slaves. Were actual household slaves unlike serfs. The word is derived from slavic people since that plays is always associated with slavery. Any european language is derived with slavic people into their slave term

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8
Q

Slavic people

A

New term for enslaved people Slaves from western Europe came from slavic region so eventually the term became associated with Slavia, therefore Slavic people were just slaves

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9
Q

Hundred Years War

A

Long conflict between the king of France and his vassals.

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10
Q

New Monarchies

A

Emerged from Hundred Year’s War, differed from their medievel predecessors in having greater centralization of power and more fixed national boundaries/stronger representative instutions

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11
Q

Stirrups

A

Things people used in Calvary (war by horse). A military innovation created by Mongolian invention. It was a shoe holder that was placed on side of saddle. It helped tremendously because when you strike people in war, the weight of the horse carries with you thus greatly increasing the force of hit. This also allowed people to start wearing armor when riding horses

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12
Q

Fief

A

Land that is rewarded in exchange for a pledge to provide military service.

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13
Q

Devastation

A

Knights job. Threaten many ; rape, kill, take torches and burn things like crops. This was power was always used as a treat.

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14
Q

Knight

A

Partook in taking and controlling fiefs. Their calvary was the basis of warfare. They lived by no code, were like thugs

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15
Q

Moors

A

The term europeans used to refer to berbers because of the color of their skin (brown)

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16
Q

Manor

A

A fortified household.

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17
Q

Al-Andaluz (Islamic Iberia)

A

The nation still prospered during decline of Europe (Only the muslim side). In the Islamic side of the state, prosperity was greatly experienced. Food, education, science, and technological advancements took place there Cordoba - The capital of Al-Andaluz. Large urban center that had the only university in western europe

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18
Q

What were the name of four Christian gothic kingdoms in North Iberia? What did they do?

A

Leon, Portugal, Castile, and Aragon (LPCA, in that order) Kingdoms that successively instituted the reconquest of Islamic iberia

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19
Q

Reconquest

A

The Christian reconquest of Islamic Western Iberia

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20
Q

Kingdom of Granada

A

The last Islamic kingdom to fall during the reconquest during the battle of Granada. Marked the end of the Christian reconquest and islam in Iberia

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21
Q

Sugarcane (Crusades)

A

Important crop in the crusades (religious conflicts) era because it helped mask the taste of rotten food

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22
Q

Prestor John

A

Powerful Christian African King. Portuguese seeked him out as an ally

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23
Q

Canary Islands

A

Small islands discovered by Portuguese. They set up sugarcane plantations on these islands and enslaved the natives of the island (gaunches)

24
Q

Gaunches

A

The people of the canary islands

25
Q

Sao Tome

A

An island discovered by Portuguese again that produced great amounts of sugar. Because there wasn’t a lot of people in the islands for slaves, the Portuguese set up a base there and brought slaves from other parts of Africa

26
Q

What was slavery like in Sao Tome?

A

Life was exceptionally difficult. They worked from sun up to sun down with little food to eat. Slaves were extremely easy to replace so you could die easily if doing the littlest thing wrong.

27
Q

What happened to Portuguese spiritually with the success of Sao Tome?

A

With the mass amount of money made on the island from sugar plantations, they develop great wealth and as a result goes away from religion

28
Q

Berber

A

The religious people of North Africa

29
Q

Angoles

A

One of the portugese ships got destroyed on the coast of Africa, only slaves survived and managed to settle in Angola. Set up maroon community. It grew more and more populous with regards to run aways. The only force resistance to slavery. Portuguese never beat them, they survived until slavery was completely abolished centuries later.

30
Q

What were the two issues slaves had in Sao Tome and Canary Islands? (and maybe Brazil too)

A
  1. (S.T & C.I) The value of slaves were basically nothing. They were exceptionally easy to grab on the coast Africa and replace. Slaves had it worse in Sao Tome. If you look at someone the wrong way, you could get easily killed. 2. (In S.T, C.I, and Brazil) During 8 months of safra, you worked 19-21 hours exceptionally hard everyday for 8 months. No sleep, no time for recovery. These safra’s also took place in Brazil. These safras greatly decreased life expectancy of slaves to about 5-7 years
31
Q

Safra

A

Harvest period. Portuguese instituted sugar harvest

32
Q

Senzalas

A

Slave barracks where slaves were locked in at night in torture rooms for punishment.

33
Q

Gaspar Cao 1550

A

Christian bishop who oversaw Sao Tome. Argued that slaves were human beings. Gaspar Cao fought for the defense of Africans. Not successful in most reform but was at least able to get law passed that it is not allowed to kill slaves indiscriminately, only can kill if justified such as rebellion or trying to harm master

34
Q

Palmaries

A

Similar to Angolares. A maroon community in Brazil. Large city, like a European city. Called themselves Quilombo

35
Q

What were two ways for slaves to escape?

A
  1. Run away and join the Angolares (in San Tome) or Palmaries (in Brazil) 2. Join “the Mill” and eventually work your way free via cycle (other later ways would be money from diaria system too)
36
Q

The Mill

A

Sugar production factory. In order to make money from sugar, it had to be processed. Portugese learned how to use water wheel from Moors. Slaves worked these jobs at the mill. The hardest working slaves were rewarded with this job. Although the textbook says it a great job because you can escape eventually, it was still very difficult because you worked in extremely tough conditions in the factory with all the heat and fires.

37
Q

Morderias

A

First job at the mill. The lowest level. The job is for slaves to put sugar cane into the crusher. Very dangerous job.

38
Q

Kettleman

A

Second level group. Job is to watch over the kettles being boiled until it became thick like molasses and also the sugar cane liquid. (sometimes sugarmaster gave portion of their salary to kettleman)

39
Q

Sugar Masters

A

Above the kettleman. Despite title of ‘master’, they were slaves. Oversees the entire process, make sure everything is right. Once sugar is put into barrel and exported, the inspectors check the sugar and give it a rating. The better quality of the sugar, the slaves get paid from the master. So the sugar masters had a salary. The higher rating the sugar gets at the end of the season, the master gets a bigger bonus

40
Q

Relationship with sugar masters and slave masters

A

Masters never really whipped sugar masters because they need them. Sugar masters had leverage since masters couldn’t oversee the sugar process themselves because of harsh conditions. So whipping slaves could make them do poorly at their job and not give quality sugar at inspection which also means less bonus for the slave master at the end of the season

41
Q

Maroons

A

Run away slaves that freed themselves and set up the community called Angoles

42
Q

What are the two classes of slavery?

A

Fields (Sugar plantations, safra) and the Mill

43
Q

What were two new forms of slavery in Brazil besides sugar plantations?

A

Miners(Diara System) and Grandhadores

44
Q

Miners

A

Middle class slavemasters that could not afford to run a factory or mill to run sugar slaves, had to miners as slaves. Only high class could afford capital and loan to pay it off. Usually a master had a low amount of miner slaves, like seven Miner slaves had a charismatic leader. They all had to be mobile because of the type of surface mining. Also, sometimes they had competition to make money like finding gold first, so they had to be mobile to be able to do so. Leader of miners were armed.

45
Q

How did the Diaria System work?

A

Daily quota of how much miners gave to their masters. Miner slaves were controlled thru this system. An example would be that a master tells slave to find 20 dollars worth of gold. miner finds 22 dollars worth of gold and keeps the extra 2 dollars left over and makes a surplus. if you made less money than told, its possible you could be downgraded and sent to sugar plantations It made slaves have an incentive to work hard. despite being mobile and easily having the capability to run away, they did not run away. with the money surplus they earned, they could purchase their freedom.

46
Q

Ganhadores

A

Worked similar to diaria system. Urban slaves that worked as day laborers. Master says their quota is 10 dollars, ganhadores would go to city and hustle. They would get money by showcasing their talent or skills, help people, or sell goods slavery in new York city was similar to this system

47
Q

Tigres (‘Tiger’)

A

A type of of ganhadore that hustled in a certain way to make money for slavemaster. Not enjoyable job. People would call them to get water from well, so slaves would bring heavy buckets on their heads and go to people’s window to give water and get money. Sometimes they would also deal with people’s feces with transferring these buckets as well

48
Q

Ganhadores association

A

People who went on strike for better conditions. The first type of ‘union’ in the western world (Brazil)

49
Q

Where was the unquie slavery concept of ganhadores born?

A

In the city of Rio. The Brazlian city of Rio de Janeiro developed this unique form (NYC had this too)

50
Q

In Western Europe prior to rise of Iberia

A

Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) began to decline. Knights with their stirrups was involved in constant warfare in western European society. Lack of trade started to occur. Serious decline Invaders started to set up military kingdoms.

51
Q

How did the rise of these military kingdoms happen?

A

Rised based on fiefs which was the case in Iberia. However not the Islamic part of Iberia, the western part flourished while the other parts were growing

52
Q

Charlemagne

A

“Charles the Great”, First in Western Europe to bear the title of Emperor in 300 years.

53
Q

Kievan Russia

A

Authority of Byzantine emperors blended with influence of the Christian church, it helped shape this emerging kingdom.

54
Q

How did slaves get freedom from the Mill? How does the cycle work?

A

Once sugarmasters get enough money, they eventually pay for their freedom. Then the kettleman get promoted and the hardest working slave gets moderias. Its an ongoing cycle

55
Q

Medieval

A

Literally means “middle age”

56
Q

Vassals

A

Nobles who were granted fiefs by kings.

57
Q

Great Westerin Schism

A

When rival papal claimants at Avignon and Rome vided for the loyalties of Latin Christians. Resolved when papacy was restored to the city of Rome.

History 2 (3 decks)

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