Portugese Angola/Mozambique / CC

Question 1

Assimilation

Answer 1

The most common form of bounding someone a slave (bondage) in Africa. People were captured and then ‘assimilated’ into family structure.

For example a 30 year old could get captured and still be at a lower level than an 8 year old slave

The concept of wealth in Africa was the wealth of people. Since Africa was insanely large, land was far from scarce. The idea of maximizing land in central and southern Africa was non existent, it didn’t mater.

Family system of labor (Assimilation). Have a lot of kids to make more people, that’s where the wealth therein lies. You could have loads of acres of land but not mean anything if there are barely any slaves or people in your land.

Question 2

Osu

Answer 2

Spiritual slavery.

Form of slavery from the Igbo people. Osu means someone who is wedded to God. Were monotheistic people. Sort of like a monk or nun. Once they joined, their previous life was over

Some became Osu’s to escape capital punishment (i.e I had a dream I had to serve God). Had to become Osu’s just in case they were telling the truth. An example would be a woman named Hediro who woke up and felt spiritual calling that she had to serve Chukwu, has new life serving to God.

Question 3

Dada

Answer 3

Osu hairstyle. Was dreadlocks. In West Africa, if someone had dreadlocks they were represented as someone who is married to God.

Question 4

Cukwu

Answer 4

Igbo word for God.

Question 5

Kongo

Answer 5

African kingdom found on Coast of Africa by Portuguese (most was in interior). Portuguese initially thought they met the Christian king preston john there

They kidnap kids, take them to Portugual, to teach them Portuguese so they can be translators to Kongo kingdom

Question 6

Joao I (John)

Answer 6

King of Kongo that converts kingdom to Christianity. He does it after translators tell him about it. Because they become Christian kingdom, the Portuguese don’t raid their kingdom for slaves. Instead, they send traders to purchase and trade. Joao would establish diplomatic relations with Portugal and Rome.

Question 7

Kilombo

Answer 7

Camp in Kongo where boys and girls were separated. They were educated into what it meant to be adults, and also educated about tranditions in society. Also boys would do martial arts and trained in warfare while doing group tactics.

Once done, they were known as adults in society after finishing camp.

Question 8

Imbangala

Answer 8

A radical society formed when a male kilombo went wrong. These men decided to militarize their kilombo, became permanent military camp instead of the usual kilombo camps that trained boys in warfare or martial arts (capawhala) to become adults. They became permanent

Was the only army around so they went to villages and ate crops. They didn’t conquer villages, only ate all of their crops. They got stronger because they would initiate men as they went on to each villages, it was very easy to reproduce soldiers.

It was tremendously difficult to beat them. You had to be male and initiated to join. You were initiated by assimilation. You were not born into army. The army was multi-national. They could lose a battle, get more people after a period of time, and come back and beat you.

Queen Nzinga - Imbangala leader was from royal Angola family. Ran off from royalty and became queen of Imbangala to fight off slavery. Fought a very long war against Portugese slave traders

Question 9

Where were the two places the Portuguese settled in African coasts? How did they live?

Answer 9

Luanda (colony south of Kongo - the only Portuguese colony on the west coast of Africa)

Mozambique

They lived by slave trading here

Question 10

Mozambique

Answer 10

Portuguese attacked them (East coast Africa) and divided them up in lands

Question 11

Prazos

Answer 11

Area of divided lands controlled by Portuguese

Question 12

Prazeiros

Answer 12

Person in control of Prazos

Question 13

Colonos

Answer 13

Original free inhabitants of the prazos. Prazeiros made money by taxing agricultural produce of farmers

Question 14

Chikunda (and 3 things they did for prazerios)

Answer 14

Military slaves. Most important slave in Mozambique. They were not born slaves nor were they natives of Mozambique. They had easy, good life. In a lot of ways, being free in Mozambique was worse. They were proud slaves

1. They would hunt for prazerios. For instance, they would hunt elephants. Good for the chikunda because they could eat the meat from the elephants. Then they would give the elephants tusks to prazeiros (Where they’d make money).
2. They defended and protected prazeiros against outside attacks
3. They policed free people

Question 15

What are the two types of Chikunda?

Answer 15

Chuanga and Mukazambo (both had contact with prazeiro)

Question 16

Chuanga

Answer 16

One of the leaders of the Chikunda. Goes to home and collects taxes of Colonos

Question 17

Mukazambo

Answer 17

Very important job to police other Chikunda’s. They could punish bad behaving chikunda

Question 18

Bakezunda

Answer 18

Prazeiros connection to the slaves. Below Mukazambo.

Question 19

Butaka

Answer 19

Regimental villages for the Chikunda.

Question 20

Inhaucangazima (Forced Sale)

Answer 20

When peasants were forced to sell off their harvests to the Prazeiros, usually well below market price.

Question 21

“New Christians”

Answer 21

After reconquest of Iberia in Granada, law was passed requiring everyone to be Christians. If not, leave or force yourself to convert

Question 22

Christopher Columbus

Answer 22

One of the Portuguese slave traders that raided coast of Africa for slaves in sao tome and canary islands

Was believed to be a ‘New Christian’ the leader of the Spanish voyages to find a new route to the indian ocean. found new land along the way. Was not a scientist to prove the world was round or the first European in the Americas. Went to the carribeans first in 1492 (and a year later), thought they were Indians. In 1498 went to South America and thought it was part of asia. later believed by many to be new land. New discoveries and lands were made setting up the The Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain by the Pope. Paved the way for European influence around the world

Question 23

Arawaks

Answer 23

Local inhabitants of Hispaniola (‘Indians as refered to by Columbus). Columbus found them in the West Indies and sent them to Canary Islands as slaves.

Question 24

Caravel

Answer 24

Small ships, they were much smaller than the largest European ships and Chinese junks, size allowed them to enter coastal waters.

Question 25

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 25

A spanish man who eventually came to oppose the slavery, land grabbing, and forced labor Christopher Colombus forced in Haiti on Native Americans

Was originally one of C.Columbus’s men who set up his own plantation with native American slaves. Would eventually free Indians, became a priest, and defended the treatment of Indians and against the Indian slave trade instituted by Columubus. Columbus argued that the Indians were inferior but Bartolome says the Indians were sentiment human beings like everyone else. He helped Spain pass laws against indian slavery. Unfortunately the laws came too late and were disregarded often but did help some arawaks survive

Question 26

Brotherhoods

Answer 26

Started in Iberia. Meant to ease transition of Jews/Muslims into Christianity. People had to be forced in ‘new christianity’ after reconquest, so if you chose to stay instead of leaving, this would help new christians transition

Question 27

Two things Brotherhoods did that also would turn out to be contradictory

Answer 27

• eased transition
• but also gave jews and muslims a social space to continue their cultural and family relations. I

n these brotherhoods, there would be the same families, the same language. so it would serve as a safe place to get together and still integrate their real culture. You could keep linguistic and cultural traditions alive spite the fact you obviously cant do muslim prayers or anything like that

Question 28

Brotherhoods in Brazil ; their role

Answer 28

Brotherhood concept transitions to Brazil. New Christians moved to Brazil and took the concept with them.

In Rio, Brotherhoods were in charge of burying the dead. They would take dead slaves in the street and give them proper burial.

Enslaved people also joined the brotherhoods (did not make them free obviously), serving benefits

Question 29

What were 2 main benefits for general society and slaves that the brotherhoods helped with?

Answer 29

1. Collected dues from slaves (i.e a gandahores could afford this bcus their hustlers who make money). Then the brotherhoods would use their money to slaves in danger. If for example a pregnant woman got whipped my master, brotherhood could buy slaves freedom (not sure if they collected dues from slaves)
2. If abusive master refuses to release slave, brotherhood could open court case against master and for slaves, while speaking on their behalf. Slaves couldn’t speak in court, they were socially dead in legal system, unless its a torture confession. Brotherhood was extremely helpful in being able to speak for slaves

Overall, they limited abuse slaves could take

Question 30

Capoeria Societies

Answer 30

Group of people in a society, that also included slaves, located in urban areas dedicated to martial arts called capawhala. This society is dedicated to the practice of this martial art. The members of this society, even the slaves that were in it, made a living by using their martial arts skills. Could even get hired to beat other people in regards to politics

Joga de Capoeira - Style of martial arts practiced by the Capoeiras, martial arts and dance.

Question 31

What impact did Capoeria Socities have on society?

Answer 31

Because of how some people in the society would get hired to beat down opposing people in politics, different capawhala societies became affiliated with political groups.

An example would be a mayor saving a slave who gets arrested if he was in his capwhala society. If a police offer shot a capwhala, you had to pay owner the value of that slave which was a lot.

Question 32

The overall problems the capawhala’s had on police

Answer 32

• People aspired to be them
• Had political protection, in case they did something wrong
• You could not shoot them, police would have to pay master
• Hard to capture because they trained in martial arts, difficult to do so

Question 33

What type of benefits did capawhal’s from the Capoeria Society gave to slaves?

Answer 33

They offered protection to individual slaves and set up rules for them. If master broke the rules for that individual slave, capawhala would tell master its not allowed and threaten to beat them up

Question 34

When slavery was absolished in areas with sugar plantations, what happened to the masters and these sugar plantations?

Answer 34

1. Masters protected themselves in advance of abolishment. They reimbursed themselves, therefore being compensated cash-wise for value of slave.
2. Dear land policy

Question 35

Dear land policy

Answer 35

Series of laws that raised price of land and set barriers for the now former slaves to buy lands. For example, if you want to buy land you have to literate which most now free slaves weren’t

Question 36

How did plantation owners control and labor the now free slaves?

Answer 36

1. Sharecropping
2. Debt servitude
3. Vagrancy laws
4. Indentured servitude (not former slaves, free people from other countries)

Question 37

Sharecropping (Metayage)

Answer 37

Plantation owners offered small land of theirs and allowed the now free slaves to work there. The workers had to pay plantation owners % of money they make

Question 38

Debt servitude

Answer 38

Kept the now free slaves controlled via debt. Because the former slaves were still poor despite being free, plantation owners offered loans to slaves thus giving plantation owners control over them. Even though they were legally free, they could not leave because they had to pay back all of their debt.

Sometimes plantation owners could inflate the price of something. If the worker couldn’t afford, he would have to buy it with some type of credit, further increasing their debt. Plantation owners had leverage since a guy would have to travel for miles just to find cheaper prices

Question 39

Vagrancy laws

Answer 39

Made it illegal for anyone to be unemployed if you don’t own land. Being unemployed was a crime.

So even if you paid all of your debt servitude, you were screwed since you were unemployed. Punishment would be 10 years of hard labor, even if free you are now a prisoner who could be beat.

Question 40

Indentured servitude

Answer 40

Plantation owners get into negotiations with recruiters, most commonly from india/china, to go to most commonly india/cina, and visit struggling places that’s been hit by droughts/poverty. recruiters offer pleas for struggling people, like young adults, to go to work in plantations. Then once they travel there, the workers would be set up with ‘I paid your traveling, u have no job and its illegal here to have no job, heres a job so you can work and pay me back’. Right there a now free person gets into debt servitude