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WSET D3 from Sarah > Portugal > Flashcards

Portugal Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Portugal’s most planted white variety?

A

Fernão Pires

Accounting for 13,000 hectares

Grown in Tejo, Lisboa and Bairrada (where it is called Maria Gomes)

Designed to be drunk young

Intensely aromatic, floral and citrus (tangerine, oranges) notes

Found as single varietal and in blends

As a still, sparking and a sweet wine

Fernão Pires is frost sensitive and best suited to warm or hot climates

Prefers fertile soils and gives high yields

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2
Q

What isolated Portugal from the rest of the wine world in the 20th Century?

A

The Salazar dictatorship (1932-1972) which promoted co-operatives

Portugal joined the EU (then the EEC) in 1986

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3
Q

What was founded in 1937 in Portugal?

A

The Junta Nacional do Vinho (JNV) which initiated a state run programme of cooperatives.

Over 100 co-ops were created in less than 20 years. Mostly in Northern Portugal and many deemed inflexible and winemaking standards deteriorated.

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4
Q

Why were cooperatives historically so important in Portugal?

A

Under the dictatorship of Salazar, cooperatives were promoted and over 100 created in 20 years

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5
Q

What was planted widely in Portugal post Phylloxera?

A

High yielding, Direct Producers or French Hybrids which still are planted in some small holdings in north and central Portugal

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6
Q

What is the hierarchy of wine classifications in Portugal?

A

Denominaçã de Origem Controllada (DOC) - Equivalent to appellation contrólée

Indicaçao de Proviniência Regulamentada (IPR)

Vinho Regional (Equivalent to Vin de Pays)

Vinho de Mesa - for table wines

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7
Q

Which quality designation is especially important to innovative winemakers working with international varieties in Portugal?

A

The 14 different Vinho Regional designations

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8
Q

What does Garrafeira refer to?

A

A term used in Portugal

Certain red or white wines from exceptional vintages with high alcohol and a longer maturation period

Can apply to all wines not just DOC label. Must meet Reserva criteria. Plus be aged for at least 2 years in cask, one year in bottle for reds and six month cask and six month bottle for whites

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9
Q

What does the term Reserva mean in Portugal?

A

Term indicates a wine from a single vintage, tasted by a panel and must have more than the minimum alcohol stated for the DOC

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10
Q

Where is Vinho Verde DOC?

A

In north west Portugal

Bound to the north by River Minho and Spanish border and to south by River Douro

Stretches from the coast to 90km inland

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11
Q

What is the biggest wine region in Portugal?

A

Vinho Verde DOC

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12
Q

What two rivers frame the Vinho Verde Region?

A

The Minho to the north and the Douro to the South

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13
Q

How did Portuguese wine benefit from EU membership?

A

It’s accession into the EU (EEC) in 1986

Meant monopolistic legislation was overturned

Relaxation of state intervention and bureaucracy

Increase of grants and low interest loans

Greater investment in modern technology

Increase number of single estates/quintas

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14
Q

What is the climate in Vinho Verde?

A

Maritime

Warm in Summer, high rainfall, mainly in summer but often at harvest

Atlantic winds bring in plenty of rain

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15
Q

What increases the chance of rot in Vinho Verde?

A

Rain that falls in summer and during harvest due to proximity to Atlantic

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16
Q

What is the soil in Vinho Verde?

A

Granite bedrock, sand and granite top soil

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17
Q

How are vines planted in Vinho Verde?

A

Trained high, traditionally on pergolas to reduce rot and make way for mixed farming

Recent plantings are wire trained with double cordon.

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18
Q

How many producers are there in Vinho Verde?

A

19,000 for some 21,000 ha 11% of Portugal’s total vineyard areas

Holdings are small

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19
Q

How much of Portugal’s total vineyard area is Vinho Verde?

A

11% at 21,000ha

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20
Q

What does Vinho Verde mean?

A

Green wine

But it refers to youth of a wine not the colour, to be enjoyed within year of harvest

Nearly half of production is red

White whine must be light and low (under 11.5%) in alcohol unless made using Albariño when more like 13%

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21
Q

What is style of Vinho Verde?

A

Vinho Verde can be red, rose and white
If white Vinho Verde made using Loureiro, Treixadura and Arinto

👁
Straw coloured, slightly effervescent

👃🏼
Aromatic, Green apple, grapefruit, lime

👄
light body
Low in alcohol
Razor sharp acidity

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22
Q

What is the style of Vinho Verde made from Alvarinho?

A

Only permitted for DOC if grown in Moncão to the North

Higher alcohol, 13% alcohol
Light sharp
Fuller and richer
Green apple and tropical fruits 
No CO2
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23
Q

Which Sub region can include Alvarinho in DOC wines in Vinho Verde?

A

Moncão to the north, bordering on Spain

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24
Q

What white grapes can be used for Vinho Verde?

A

Loureiro
Treixadura (Trajadura)
Arinto

Alvarinho (Minão only)

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25
Q

What red grapes can be used in Vinho Verde?

A

Vinhão (Sousao)
Azal Tinto (Amaral)
Espadeiro

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26
Q

What grape is used for the best White Vinho Verdes?

A

Alvarinho only in the north Moncão and often single quintas, higher alcohol (13% vs 11.5% permitted for Loureiro, Treixadura and Arinto) and no CO2

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27
Q

How many sub-regions does Vinho Verde have?

A

9 the most famous is Monção, the most northerly which borders Spain, where Alvarinho can be grown

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28
Q

Where is Douro DOC?

A

Portugal, among Douro river

North East Portugal

Sheltered from the Atlantic by the Marão and Montenuro mountains

29
Q

What is the soil in Douro DOC?

A

Table wines tend to be planted on granite soils

Grapes for Port on schist

30
Q

What is the climate in Douro?

A

Continental

Hotter summers and colder winters than coastal regions

31
Q

What is the style of Douro reds?

A

Reminiscent of Port

Ripe fruits, herbs and peppery spice

Full body, firm tannins and lively acidity

32
Q

What are the key grape varieties in Douro DOC?

A

Similar to Port

Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Touriga Barroca
Tempranillo (Tinta Roriz)

Cab Sav used in Vinho Regional wines

33
Q

What once set the amount of still wine to be made in Douro DOC?

A

Each vintage a limit is set for Port production and excess harvest is made into unfortified wine

Now many vineyards are dedicated to high quality, unfortified wine production rather than Port

34
Q

Where is Dão?

A

South of the Douro in Portugal

80km inland

South of Vinho Verde, north central Portugal

35
Q

Where are vines planted in Dão?

A

200-400m above sea level on a plateau

Sheltered on all sides by granitic mountain ranges of Serra deal Estrela, Serra do Caramulo and Serra da Nave

36
Q

What are the key grapes in Dão and what styles of wine do they make?

A

Jaen (Mencía) deeply coloured, fruity and lighter in tannins than most Portuguese reds

Touriga Nacional and Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Supply tannins, acids and concentrated fruit to blends

Encruzado - full bodied and nutty white wine

37
Q

What is resulting in fresher and fruitier styles of red wine in Dão?

A

Shorter periods of fermentation and cask ageing

Traditional Dão reds can be overly dry and tannic

38
Q

What Portuguese wine region is derived from the Portuguese word for clay?

A

Bairrada in central Portugal on the coast

It is famed for its limestone rich clay soils, Bairro being the Portuguese word for clay

39
Q

Why did the First Minister of Portugal, Marquês de Pombal, order the uprooting of all vines in Bairrada?

A

Over concern Bairrada wine was being passed off or blended with Port in the mid 18th Century

It took a long while for Bairrada to recover from this near fatal assault

40
Q

What is the principle variety in Bairrada, Portugal?

A

Baga

Baga wines are late ripening and deeply coloured, highly acidic, very tannic and with dominant notes of peppery black currant fruit.

They are sometimes made leas astringent by blending with Touriga Nacionale and other varieties such as Merlot and Pinot Noit

The best can develop considerable complexity with age

Other black varieties from Bairrada include Castelão (Periquita) and Rufeyez

White is often sparkling and made with Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes) and Bical, a local white grape giving high acid, nutty wines

41
Q

Why are Baga wines sometimes brought in early?

A

To prevent rot. Baga is a large ripening variety. In the event of early autumn rains which could cause rot, Baga is often needed to be brought in early

42
Q

What is the climate in Bairrada?

A

Damp, rainy maritime

43
Q

What are the wines in Bairrada?

A

Usually 100% Baga, dark tannic, acidic red

Also Bical a local white grape giving high acid, nutty wines

44
Q

Why is Bairrada’s Baga said to be similar to Nebbiolo?

A

Shares similar characteristics, restrained fruit, high acidity and high tannin.

Tannin tends to be quite harsh, traditionally fermented with stalks and highly tannic needing decades to be approachable

Modern styles are less tannic, high in acidity with pepper and berry flavours

45
Q

Where is Ribatejo?

A

The Ribatejo ‘banks of Tagus’ lies to the NE of Lisbon

The DOC Tejo is divided into six sub regions

46
Q

Where do most vineyards lie in Ribatejo?

A

On alluvial river plains

47
Q

What is the most notable black variety in Ribatejo?

A

Castelão (Periquita) which at its best can yield structures, long lived wines with crisp acidity and notes of red berries, spice and game

48
Q

What is grown on the fertile alluvial plains of Ribatejo?

A

Large yields of Fernão Pires - neutral white for local market and Castelão Frances (Periquita) red with crisp acidity, raspberry fruit and firm tannin

49
Q

What are the three major wine regions in Northern Portugal?

A

Vinho Verde
Douro
Dão

50
Q

What are the two major wine regions in Central Portugal?

A

Bairrada

Ribatejo

51
Q

What are the two main wine regions in Southern Portugal?

A

Palmela - Setúbal peninsula

Alentejo

52
Q

Where is the Portuguese wine region of Palmela?

A

On the Setúbal peninsula in Southern Portugal

Between Tagus and Sado rivers near the coast

53
Q

What is the climate in Palmela, Portugal?

A

Warm maritime climate with mild winters and warm summers

Adequate rainfall mostly in winter and spring

54
Q

What is the soil generally in Palmela, Portugal?

A

Principally limestone soils on the hills and sand on the plains

55
Q

How are vines trained in Palmela, Portugal?

A

Mostly low trained in wires to allow for mechanisation

56
Q

How are wines fermented in Palmela, Portugal?

A

Stainless steel and temperature control is now widely used

Old and new oaks for ageing

57
Q

Which international grape is permitted in the Palmela DOC Portugal?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Along with Perquita

58
Q

Where is Alentejo?

A

Southern Portugal

Stretches from Ribatejo to the Spanish border (a large area)

59
Q

What is the climate in Alentejo, Portugal?

A

Continental climate

Low rainfall and hot summers

60
Q

How are vines traditionally trained in Alentejo, Portugal?

A

Low trained bush vines

New plantings trained to wire for mechanisation

Yields kept low

61
Q

What is the style of Trincadeira/Tinta Amarela in Alentejo, Portugal?

A

Dark, Jammy, plummy wine with hints of chocolate and coffee. Enhanced by oak ageing

High alcohol
Notes of raspberry, herbs and plum

62
Q

What is Tempranillo known as in Alentejo, Portugal?

A

Aragonez used for blending

63
Q

What is the style of Roupiero and Antão Vaz in Alentejo, Portugal?

A

Both are full booted whites with flavours of honey. Some wines aged in oak to provide depth and complexity.

Often blended with Arinto, which adds crispness

64
Q

What is Alentejo known for?

A

It’s Quercus Suber Cork production

65
Q

What are the two dominant brands of Vinhos de Mesa in Portugal?

A

Mateus

Lancers

66
Q

What area does VR Vinho Regionais cover?

A

The same area as Vinho Verde DOC but permits Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Merlot and use of Alvarinho throughout rather than just in Moncão

67
Q

What grapes are found in VR Ribatejano in Portugal?

A

Commercial quantities of non indigenous grapes particularly Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Cab Sav and Syrah

68
Q

Why has their been a great expansion of Vinhos Regionals in Portugal?

A

Allows flexibility of grapes to include international varieties

Increasing single estates using this category

WSET D3 from Sarah (41 decks)

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