Porifera

Question 1

Define monophyletic

Answer 1

(of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group

Question 2

Polyphiletic

Answer 2

two groups are put together that are not closely related, but are placed together because no common ancestor is known

Question 3

Paraphyletic

Answer 3

mistake where you put one trait only in one family when it is shared with others, therefore related

Question 4

Define collagen

Answer 4

Binding substance used to make to layers of cells hold together. Only found in the kingdom animalia

Question 5

What is the evolutionary progression of symmetry

Answer 5

asymetric, radial, then bilateral symmetry

Question 6

What makes sponges unique from other groups? (3)

Answer 6

1. Asymetric body plan
2. Cell with different functions, but no cell-to-cell communication
3. No basement membrane

Question 7

Define a choanocyte

Answer 7

a flagellated cell with a collar of ciliated protoplasm at the base of the flagellum, which line the internal chambers of sponges.

Question 8

Sponges have totipotent cells. What does that mean

Answer 8

Capable of turning into different types of cells

Question 9

The layer that choanocytes form in sponges are collectively reffered to as what

Answer 9

Choanoderm

Question 10

What layer to pinacocytes form

Answer 10

Pinacoderm

Question 11

What is the mesohyl in sponges

Answer 11

It holds provides binding capabiltiy that allow the pinacoderm and choanoderm to hold together. Also serves a role for containing other single celled oragainism that provide a variety of services.

Question 12

What are pinacocytes

Answer 12

the flat outer cell layer of sponges

Question 13

Define spongin

Answer 13

the horny or fibrous substance found in the skeleton of many sponges.

Question 14

Name the three different types of sponge architecture

Answer 14

Asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid

Question 15

Asconoid architecture

Answer 15

Water is pulled into big cavity, pushed out through single osculum

Question 16

Syconoid architecture

Answer 16

Water is filtered through point of entry at ostium, and then again when pushed through osculum

Question 17

Leuconoid sponges

Answer 17

Water is quickly pumped through canals, enters small space filled with choanocytes. The water slows down, gets cleaned of nutrients, and then gets pumped through multiple chaonocyte chambers until released again

Question 18

Most common sponge architecture

Answer 18

Leuconoid

Question 19

Define totipotency

Answer 19

Cells capable of turning into different types of cells

Question 20

What is an osculum?

Answer 20

An exit for water to flow out of

Question 21

In syconoid architecture of sponges, where is water pumped through?

Answer 21

Incurrent pores

Question 22

What is the most common architecture of sponges?

Answer 22

Leuconoid sponges

Question 23

In sponges, what cells use totipotency to become sperm

Answer 23

Choanocytes

Question 24

In sponges, what cells become eggs due to totipotency

Answer 24

Archeocytes

Question 25

What are archocytes

Answer 25

Early precursors to other animal cells that dwell in the mesohyl of sponges. Also called amebocytes.

Question 26

What is a gemuole?

Answer 26

The outside casing of a sponge

Question 27

What are sclerocytes

Answer 27

Producers of spicules made of calcium carbonate or silica