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BIOLOGY PAPER 2 > POPULATIONS, SUSTAINABILITY + ECOSYSTEMS > Flashcards

POPULATIONS, SUSTAINABILITY + ECOSYSTEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

the size of a population that an ecosystem can support due to abiotic and biotic factors

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2
Q

what is an abiotic factor?

A

non living
- temperature/weather

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3
Q

what is a biotic factor?

A

living
- interspecific competition (food, habitat)
- intraspecific competition (mates, food, territory)
- predators

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4
Q

conservation

A

maintaining the biodiversity of species and maintaining the ecosystems through active intervention

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5
Q

preservation

A

minimising human impact on an ecosystem / habitat by maintaining them in their present state

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6
Q

economic reasons for conservation & preservation

A
  • natural spaces attract tourism
  • natural resources come from sensitive ecosystems
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7
Q

social reasons for conservation & preservation

A
  • ecosystems not fully understood, there is a lot to discover
  • natural spaces are important for wellbeing
  • people can rely on these ecosystems to live
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8
Q

ethical reasons for conservation & preservation

A
  • duty to protect species in unique ecosystems and maintain biodiversity
  • moral duty to preserve ecosystems for future generations to use and benefit from
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9
Q

population

A

all the organisms of a particular species living in a specific area

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10
Q

community

A

all the populations of different species living and interacting in an area at the same time

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11
Q

ecosystem

A

self contained unit where the community interacts with abiotic and biotic factors

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12
Q

habitat

A

the area where an organism lives

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13
Q

niche

A

the role a species has in an ecosystem including interactions with abiotic and biotic factors

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14
Q

describe sustainable management of timber

A
  • as timber is removed it can be replaced by saplings
  • coppicing cuts tree trunks close to the ground
  • pollarding cuts trees near the top to promote the growth of a dense head of foliage and prevents animals eating developing leaves
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15
Q

describe sustainable management of fish stocks

A
  • prevent overfishing by banning destructive methods like bottom trawling
  • fishing quotas between countries
  • only fish of a particular size are harvested
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16
Q

describe the Galapagos islands as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

series of islands off the coast of Ecuador which have mostly endemic species

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17
Q

describe Antarctica as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

large unique landmass which is unpopulated by humans that hosts unique organisms and marine ecosystems

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18
Q

describe the Lake District as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

mountain range with a series of lakes in England

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19
Q

describe snowdonia as an example of a sensitive ecosystem

A

large region concentrated around mountains and lakes in Wales made if varied habitats and hosts unique species

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20
Q

protective measures in the Galapagos islands

A
  • international and local protection
  • limited visitors
  • legal protection of endangered species
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21
Q

protective measures in Antarctica

A
  • permits required for visitors
  • all organisms legally protected
  • international treaties to prevent mining and drilling for oil
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22
Q

protective measures in the lake district

A
  • designated as a national park and protection from developments
  • sustainable tourism to fund management and conservation of the area
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23
Q

protective measures in snowdonia

A
  • protection from developments
  • sustainable tourism strategies to fund conservation
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24
Q

describe the Masai mara

A

several ecosystems in Kenya, unique or rare plant & animal species

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25
Q

conflicts in the Masai mara

A
  • animals under threat from poaching
  • land under threat from agriculture and housing
  • land needs to be actively conserved to prevent succession of woodland community
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26
Q

solutions in the Masai mara

A
  • ecotourism to provide income for conservation initiatives
  • illegal poaching occurs so controlled hunting and financing conservation
  • safari parks provide protection and preserve habitats
27
Q

describe the terai region in Nepal

A

subtropical wetland ecosystem in the foot of the Himalayas with rare animals

28
Q

conflicts in the terai region

A
  • fertile land used for producing many crops so farmers have been draining land which leads to erosion and flooding
  • poverty and corruption mean unregulated logging and hunting take place
29
Q

solutions in the terai region

A
  • several national parks designated within the ecosystem to provide space for conservation/preservation
  • national parks and tourism provide income for local people which prevents unauthorised land use
30
Q

describe peat bogs

A

form from decaying plant matter in very wet, acidic conditions where moss, small plants and invertebrates live
store of carbon and destruction increases CO2

31
Q

conflict of peat bogs

A
  • used to be a source of fuel until alternatives were used
  • in high demand by gardeners to improve garden soil which sparked industry in peat removal
32
Q

solutions of peat bogs

A
  • alternative fuels now used
  • peat bogs have been protected
  • education programmes make gardeners aware of sustainable alternatives
33
Q

community

A

all populations of different species living in the same place at the same time

34
Q

biome

A

large scale ecosystem defined by abiotic factors

35
Q

biosphere

A

area of planet where organisms live eg ground, water, air

36
Q

biomass

A

the mass of living material present

37
Q

trophic biomass

A

biomass x total organisms
- made up of carbon compound cells and tissues
- measured by discounting water as organisms have varied amounts of water

38
Q

trophic level

A

each stage in a food chain

39
Q

what is the trend in biomass down the food chain?

A

decreases as energy is lost as heat

40
Q

stages in the food chain

A
  • producer - converts light into chemical energy via photosynthesis
  • primary consumer
  • secondary consumer
  • tertiary consumer
  • quaternary consumer
41
Q

ecological efficiency

A

efficiency by which biomass is transferred
- biomass after / biomass before

42
Q

gross primary production

A

rate at which chemical energy is stored by producers

43
Q

net primary production

A

gross pp - energy used
- energy leftover after respiration in plants

44
Q

energy consumed

A

biomass + waste + respiration

45
Q

how is energy lost from plants?

A
  • leaf transmission
  • light not correct wavelength
  • limited water limits photosynthesis
  • loss via photosynthesis
46
Q

how is energy lost from animals?

A
  • not all biomass is eaten
  • heat loss
  • not all is digested
  • excretory material
47
Q

energy efficiency change at producer level

A

1-3% light converted due to plant energy loss

48
Q

energy efficiency change at consumer level

A

10% energy used, loss dye to heat/respiration but organisms contain more energy so this is transferred to form biomass

49
Q

intensive farming

A
  • specially bred animals to increase growth
  • digestible diet with growth hormones and antibiotics
  • restrict movement
  • exclusion of predators
  • slaughtered young
50
Q

carbon cycle

A

carbon moves between living organisms and the non living environment

51
Q

decomposer

A

organism breaks down dead organic matter via extracellular respiration and digestion by secreting digestive enzymes onto organic matter and absorbing nutrients, releasing inorganics back to environment

52
Q

detritus

A

fragments of decomposing material
- if not present the carbon becomes trapped and becomes fossil fuels

53
Q

detritivores

A

feed on detritus and increase surface area to speed up decomposition using internal digestion

54
Q

succession

A

long term directional change from bare inorganic surfaces to plant & climax communities over time
- changes to abiotic factors change the plants/animals present

55
Q

sere

A

stage of change

56
Q

primary succession

A
  • formation/exposure of land
  • no soil or organic material
  • slow
57
Q

secondary succession

A
  • soil present
  • rapid
  • no plants/animals
58
Q

pioneer seral stage

A
  • lichens/algae
  • highly adapted so rapid germination, photosynthesise, nitrogen fixing, tolerate extreme environments
59
Q

intermediate seral stage

A
  • surface weathers
  • pioneers die and become humus
  • organics formed: secondary coloniser mosses, scrubland shrubs, tertiary grasses which are adapted to water loss
60
Q

climax seral stage

A
  • stable
  • environment dependent
  • there is often a dominant species
61
Q

deflected succession

A

conservation to maintain habitats and biodiversity by managing succession

62
Q

capture recapture method

A
  • used for organisms which move around
  • capture sample
  • mark those in sample
  • recapture and identify the proportion of those marked
63
Q

assumptions of the capture recapture method

A
  • closed population with no migration, births or deaths
  • all members of population mix randomly
  • marks do not harm organism or affect recapture chances
64
Q

how can human activities manipulate the transfer of biomass through ecosystems?

A
  • artificial light in greenhouses
  • fertilisers
  • selective breeding for fast growth
  • pesticides
  • weed killers
  • plant crops that store energy in edible form

BIOLOGY PAPER 2 (8 decks)

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