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BIOLOGY PAPER 2 > DISEASE & IMMUNITY > Flashcards

DISEASE & IMMUNITY Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogen

A

microorganisms which cause disease

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2
Q

bacteria examples

A

bacterial meningitis
TB
ringrot

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3
Q

virus examples

A

HIV/AIDs
influenza
tobacco mosaic

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4
Q

fungus examples

A

athletes foot
ringworm
black Sigatoka

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5
Q

protoctista examples

A

potato blight
malaria

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6
Q

direct transmission

A
  • skin contact
  • bodily fluid
  • bites
  • via placenta
  • needles
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7
Q

indirect transmission

A
  • vector
  • droplets
  • touching contaminated objects
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8
Q

physical plant defences

A
  • bark
  • waxy cuticle
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9
Q

chemical plant defences

A
  • production of chemicals
  • deposition of calls to prevent spread in phloem sieve tubes
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10
Q

skin

A

primary non specific
- tough & waterproof
- outer layer cells dead so can’t be used as a host
- outer layer constantly replaced so pathogens cannot colonise
- produces sebum which is antimicrobial

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11
Q

mucous membrane

A

primary non specific
- difficult for pathogens to access cells underneath

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12
Q

tears

A

primary non specific
- lysozymes kill bacteria

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13
Q

blood clotting

A

secondary non specific
- protein fibres & blood cells form scab to stop pathogen entry
- prothrombin converted to thrombin
- fibrinogen converted to fibrin

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14
Q

expulsion reflexes

A

primary non specific
- coughing/sneezing

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15
Q

wound repair

A

secondary non specific
- cells at edge of wound rapidly divide by mitosis

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16
Q

inflammation

A

secondary non specific
- tissue damaged
- mast cells release histamines which detect antigens
- histamines bind to receptors in blood vessel smooth muscle
- vessel dilates
- pressure from tissue fluid causes swelling and pain on nerve endings

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17
Q

neutrophil

A

multi lobed nucleus
short lived

18
Q

macrophages

A

can display pathogen antigens on surface after phagocytosis

19
Q

monocytes

A

bean nucleus
non granular cytoplasm

20
Q

opsonins

A

small molecules eg antibodies

21
Q

cytokines

A

messengers which attract phagocytes

22
Q

describe the process of phagocytosis

A
  • phagocyte recognises pathogen antigen
  • opsonins bind to pathogen
  • phagocyte attaches and engulfs into a vesicle forming a phagosome
  • phagosome fuses with lysosome forming a phagolysosome
  • lysosome enzymes digest pathogen and phagocyte becomes antigen presenting
23
Q

antibodies

A

globular proteins produced by plasma cells in response to specific complementary antigens

24
Q

agglutination as a function of antibodies

A

reduces the number of pathogenic units by clumping them together

25
Q

anti toxins as a function of antibodies

A

bind to virus / bacteria

26
Q

opsonins as a function of antibodies

A

mark pathogens to initiate phagocytosis

27
Q

what is cell signalling in specific immunity ?

A

communication between B and T cells through secretion of chemicals called cytokines

28
Q

interleukins

A

group of cytokines released to stimulate division

29
Q

describe the cells involved in the cell mediated response

A
  • T cells
  • produced in bone marrow
  • mature in thymus
  • respond to antigens inside cells
  • develop into helper, memory, killer and regulatory cells
30
Q

describe the process of the cell mediated response

A
  • pathogens engulfed and phagocyte is antigen presenting
  • clonal selection: antigens bind to receptors on T helper cells
  • clonal expansion: T helper cells divide rapidly by mitosis as interleukins are produced
  • differentiation
31
Q

T killer cells

A

destroys abnormal or infected cells by releasing perforin into cell membrane which creates pores and causes cell death

32
Q

T regulatory cells

A

suppress immune system so response only occurs when pathogen detected

33
Q

cells involved in humoral response

A
  • B cells
  • produced and matured in bone marrow
  • respond to antigens outside cells
  • produce antibodies
  • develop into plasma/memory cells
34
Q

describe the process of the humoral response

A
  • clonal selection: antibody on B cell binds to T helper cell
  • interleukins released
  • clonal expansion: B cell divides rapidly by mitosis
  • differentiation
35
Q

plasma cells

A

produce antibodies which attach to the pathogen and destroy it

36
Q

memory cells

A

remain in blood and rapidly produce antibodies if reinfected during the secondary immune response

37
Q

reasons for antibiotic resistance

A
  • antibiotics given for minor infection
  • not completing course
  • unnecessary prescription
38
Q

natural active immunity

A

immune response in the body
- body recognises & destroys non self substances
- gained through immune system activation

39
Q

natural passive immunity

A

antibodies transferred through breast milk or placenta
- body recognises & destroys non self substances
- gained through external antibodies

40
Q

artificial active immunity

A

exposure to weak or dead pathogen
- exposure to antibody
- gained through immune system activation

41
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

vaccination
- exposure to antibody
- gained through external antibodies

BIOLOGY PAPER 2 (8 decks)

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