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MVST1B HR > Populations and Genes > Flashcards

Populations and Genes Flashcards

1
Q

D: Crude birth rate

A

number of births per unit of person-time. The world average crude birth rate is around 18.5 births per 1000 person-years.

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2
Q

D: Crude death rate

A

number of deaths per unit of person-time. The world average crude death rate is around 7.8 births per 1000 person-years.

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3
Q

D: Crude rate of natural increase (or decrease)

A

Crude rate of natural increase (or decrease) = crude birth rate – crude death rate.

The world average crude rate of natural increase is 10.7 per 1000 person years.

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4
Q

D: Total fertility rate

A

Total fertility rate represents the total number of babies per average reproductive lifetime.

The total fertility rate in England and Wales is approximately 1.76 births per women’s reproductive lifetime.

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5
Q

D: Gross reproductive rate

A

Gross reproductive rate represents the total number of daughters per average reproductive lifetime.

The England and Wales gross reproductive rate is approximately 0.86 daughters per women’s reproductive lifetime (= proportion of female births x total fertility rate).

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6
Q

D: Infant mortality `rate’

A

Infant mortality `rate’ represents the probability of dying before the first birthday.

The infant mortality rates in most western countries is less than 1 per 1000 live births, whereas in low income countries the infant mortality rates are greater than 100 per 1000 live births.

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7
Q

D: Child (or under 5) mortality `rate’

A

Child (or under 5) mortality `rate’ represents the probability of dying before age 5.

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8
Q

D: Adult mortality `rate’

A

Adult mortality `rate’ is usually defined as the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60 years.

Adult mortality varies substantially across countries and over time.

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9
Q

is age standardisation important in demography?

A

very

example coming

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10
Q

what are Person years

A

measurement take into account both the number of people in the study and the amount of time each person spends in the study.

For example, a study that followed 1000 people for 1 year would contain 1000 person years of data

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11
Q

rate vs risk?

A

Rate - frequency by which events occur (in person-time) - e.g. births

Risk - probability of a specified event within a specified period - e.g. stroke risk

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12
Q

3 measures of fertility?

A
  1. Total fertility rate – total births in the average reproductive lifetime
  2. Gross reproductive rate - are mother’s reproducing themselves?
  3. Net reproductive rate - are mother’s being maintained?
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13
Q

does crude mortality rate tell you if a person is healthy or unhealthy?

A

no

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14
Q

Sex ratio at birth commonly assumed to be …

A

Sex ratio at birth commonly assumed to be 105 males : 100 females

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15
Q

describe why age standardisation is important?

how many methods are there?

A

Ie. Retirement town vs university town

  • This allows us to specify the relative weight of the contribution of each age stratum to the summary rate
  • It requires sufficient deaths in each age-stratum to produce stable age-specific rates

2 methods

= age standardized rates, or life expectancy

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16
Q

describe the direct method of age standardisation

A

The ‘direct method’ projects the age-specific death rate of the population of interest onto a ‘standard population’ and calculating the overall death rate for that standard.

i.e. expected / observed

NB. The standard population must contain the population of interest (such as projecting the population of Cambridge onto that of the whole UK)

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17
Q

describe age standardisation - indirect method?

A

‘Indirect method’ - looking at population of interest through use of national average

i.e. observed / expected

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18
Q

gaps:

A
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19
Q

T or F

Life tables are usually constructed for men and women separately

A

T

20
Q

why are life table projections are not truly representative?

A

since they are based on estimated age-specific mortality rates in the recent past, the projections are not truly representative, especially due to current advances in medicine, public health and safety standards which did not exist in the early years of the cohort.

21
Q

are life expectancy values dependant on age structure

A

independant

22
Q

when are life expectancy values calculated at?

A

birth

23
Q

do many people outlive their life expectancies?

A

yes - due to medical advancement.

24
Q
A
25
Q

Is life Expectancy usually done for men and women differently?

A

yes

26
Q

T or F

The increasing proportion of elderly population in western countries is decreasing the apparent birth rate

A

T

27
Q

list the 7 big health transitions that caused life expectancy to rise, adn mortality to fall

A
28
Q

when were the biggst gains made in the reductionof child mortality?

and adult mortality?

A

child mortality: early 20th century

adult mortality: late 20th century

29
Q

did child (<5) mortality plumet around 1900?

why?

A

yess.

conquored in the home

lost of baby care, cleaness advice

campagines to cahnge parental behaviour

30
Q

what leads to the main gains for adult drop in mortality in late C20?

A

Streptomycin for TB

and the drop in tobbaco related

31
Q

Multiplegenomealignment for comparing genomes?

A
32
Q

what is a Principal component analysis

A

a 2D representation of the distribution of polymorphisms

used for entire populations too

33
Q

Principal component analysis big picture

A
34
Q

Penetrance vs. expressivity

A

‘Penetrance’ - % of individuals with a given genotype who exhibit the phenotype - complete vs. incomplete

‘Expressivity’ - variation in phenotype when the genotype is present

35
Q

What are the processes underlying genome evolution?

A

Beneficial alleles (increasing fitness) are favoured; deleterious alleles (decreasing fitness) disfavoured.

poor card

+

Natural selection

Germline mutation

fgenetic Drift

Founder effect

36
Q

D: natural selection

A

Natural selection - choosing between existing alleles - positive, negative, balancing

37
Q

D: Germline mutation

A

Germline mutation - introducing new alleles

38
Q

D: Genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift - transition in allele frequency between generations - mapped by the Wright-Fisher model

39
Q

D: Founder effect and population bottlenecksneity’

A

Founder effect and population bottlenecks - ‘causing non-representative heterogeneity’

40
Q

genetic drift is larger in _____populations

A

smaller populations -

41
Q

smaller or larger populations show higher loss of Genetic diversity

A

Smaller

42
Q

D: chi squared test

A

The Chi-squared test is a statistical method used to determine the likelihood that differences in data sets are due to chance.

  • Small p values mean the likelihood it is due to chance is very low
  • We can use this test in GWAS studies when determining the likelihood that an allele has on the development of a particular polygenic condition

Most traits, including common diseases, are highly polygenic. They depend on many loci (1000s) genome-wide, each contributing only a very small effect.

43
Q

what are GWAS

A

GWAS Studies

Calculate association tests at loci across the genome – for polygenic conditions

Low P-values correspond to loci associated with the disease in question

44
Q

fat

A

mamba

45
Q
A

MVST1B HR (13 decks)

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