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MVST1B HR > Female gametogenesis > Flashcards

Female gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatozoa are produced from _______ cells within _______ _____ under the control of ______ and ______

A

Spermatozoa are produced from spermatogonial stem cells within seminiferous tubules under the control of androgens and FSH

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2
Q

Testicular fluid is produced by ________ and carries sperm out of testis

A

Testicular fluid is produced by Sertoli cells and carries sperm out of testis

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3
Q

Androgens are produced …..wehre?

by?

A

Androgens are produced outside the tubules by Leydig cells under control of LH

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4
Q

Inhibin is produced by Sertoli cells under the control of ____

A

Inhibin is produced by Sertoli cells under the control of FSH

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5
Q

compare the testis and the ovary

quantity

fluid

time period

A
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6
Q

describ testis germ cells/

A

Germ cells in tubules

  • Are called spermatogonial stem cells
  • The stem cells are mitotic during fetal life
  • They then become quiescent Post-natally
  • Most germ cells survive to adulthood

a large population of renewable cells remains at puberty

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7
Q

compare the testis and ovary germ cells?

A
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8
Q

ovary germ cells are locacted>

A

in primordial follicles

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9
Q

ovary germ cells are called

A

primary oocytes

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10
Q

when do female germ cells enter their first meitotic division?

A

Germ cells enter first meiotic division during fetal life

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11
Q

what is the the dictyate stage

A

Soon after they arrest in first meiotic prophase: the dictyate stage

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12
Q

when do most female germ cells die

A

around the time fo birth

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13
Q

T or F for females?

*relatively few oocytes are left by puberty *

A

T

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14
Q

whne are the polar bodies extruded?

A

1st = before fertilisation

2nd = after fertilisationq

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15
Q

T or F

The oocyte develops within a follicle

A

Y

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16
Q

after the oocyte is released the follicle becomes?

A

the corpus luteum

tehn the corpus albicans

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17
Q

descrieb what is meant by atresia

A
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18
Q

are most eggs lost to atresia?

A

yes

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19
Q

T or F

Eggs and follicles can be lost at any stafge through atresia

A

T

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20
Q

Zona pellucida proteins made by….

A

Zona pellucida proteins made by egg itself

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21
Q

describe the granulosa?

A

multilayer coat

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22
Q

Primordial to Preantral follicle developemnt does or doesnt depend on exogenous hormones?

A

it does not.

nor does it produce any hormones

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23
Q

describe an early antral follicle

A
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24
Q

describe Expanded antral follicle

A
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25
Q

describe the cumulus ooferus

A

– surround the egg like a cloud.

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26
Q

heres an antral follicle

A
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27
Q

whats required for antral follicle formation?

A

gonadotrophins

secreted by ant pituitary

LH and FSH

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28
Q

do LH and FSH share a chain?

A

share alpha chain - but have a unique Beta chain

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29
Q

thecal cells analogous to……. in testis

A

thecal cells analogous to Leydig cells in testis

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30
Q
  • Granulosa cells develop ____ receptors and require ____
  • Thecal cells develop ____ receptors and require ___-
A
  • Granulosa cells develop FSH receptors and require FSH
  • Thecal cells develop LH receptors and require LH
31
Q

when do the thecal cells make androgens?

A

under LH stimulation

32
Q

under LH stimulation, thecal cells make androgens

↳ Analogous to leidig cells-
• Some of these pass to granulosa cells which in presence of FSH converts androgens to ______

A

↳ Analogous to leidig cells-
• Some of these pass to granulosa cells which in presence of FSH converts androgens to

oestrogens

33
Q

oestrogen synthesis requires cell ______

A

oestrogen synthesis requires cell cooperation

34
Q

how is oestrogen involved in local postive feedback?

A

Oestrogens also bind and stimulate the granulosa cells that made them

*a system of positive feedback

35
Q

Schematic view of oestrogen biosynthesis pathway

A

Schematic view of oestrogen biosynthesis pathway

36
Q

Inhibin is made in the…

A

Inhibin is made in the granulosa cells

37
Q

Inhibin production is low during preantral phases but starts to _____ as the antrum develops

A

Inhibin production is low during preantral phases but starts to rise as the antrum develops

38
Q

Rising inhibin levels stimulate …..

A

Rising inhibin levels stimulate androgen output by the thecal cells and its conversion to oestrogens by the granulosa cells

39
Q

does inhibin also increase the output of oestrogens?

40
Q

describe the preovulatory follicle

A
  • rising oestrogen
  • thecal output of androgens rises as it becomes hyperaemic
  • follicular fluid secretion increases rapidly and the follicular antrum swells
  • requires high LH
41
Q

*The follicle approaches ovulation*

As it does so, the granulosa cells also develop _____ receptors and start synthesising _____ under ___ stimlation

A

*The follicle approaches ovulation*

As it does so, the granulosa cells also develop LH receptors and start synthesising progesterone under LH stimulation

42
Q

high levels of LH around ovulation lead to what in the oocyte?

A

Oocyte meiosis reactivates due to the high levels of LH

43
Q

describe the oocyte re-entering meiosis as ovulation approaches

A
  • • The prophase nuclear membrane breaks down
  • • The oocyte enters first meiotic metaphase, then anaphase then telophase as a primary oocyte
  • • The first meiotic division is unequal and produces a small first polar body and a large oocyte
  • • The oocyte then immediately enters the second meiotic division as a secondary oocyte

It gets as far as second meiotic metaphase but then arrests a second time *The oocyte is ovulated arrested in 2nd meiotic metaphase*

44
Q

describe ovulation:

A
  • The follicle surface thins and ruptures at the stigma: LH required - prostaglandins involved
  • The oocyte is released to the surface of the ovary in its cumulus oophorus carried in follicular fluid
  • The antrum collapses and is invaded by blood vessels
  • The granulosa cells transform into large lutein cells
  • Some of the thecal cells mingle with them as small luteal cells
  • *The corpus luteum has formed*
45
Q

how si the egg swept up into the falopian tube?

A

Frimbrae of oviduct close contact to stigma – sweep up egg into fallopian tube

46
Q

Corpus luteum produces -_______

A

Corpus luteum produces progesterone

47
Q

lfiespan of corpus luteum>

A

14 days

high elvels of LH are required to maintain the corpus luteum

48
Q

The …… is the post-ovulatory follicle

A

The Corpus Luteum is the post-ovulatory follicle

49
Q

in the corpus luteum:

The small luteal cells derived from the theca interna cells continue to produce andro_______

A

The small luteal cells derived from the theca interna cells continue to produce androgens

50
Q

Progesterone is secreted in large amounts post ovulation and is required for ……

A

Progesterone is secreted in large amounts and is required for maintenance of pregnancy

51
Q

corpus luteum

image:

52
Q

where is the ant pituritaty located?

which pouch?

A

Anterior: Rathke’s pouch

53
Q

what do the follwing cells of teh anterior pituitary produce?

Gonadotrophs:

Lactotrophs:

Somatotrophs

Corticotrophs:

hyrotrophs:

A

Gonadotrophs: LH and FSH

Lactotrophs: Prolactin

Somatotrophs: GH

Corticotrophs: ACTH T

hyrotrophs: TSH

54
Q

since GnRH secretion is pulsatile.

is LH secretion pulsatile to?

55
Q

GnRH is a _____ ptpide

size

A

GnRH – small peptide – 10 AA peptide hormone

56
Q

T or F

In the male only negative feedback occurs

57
Q

In the male only negative feedback occurs

elaborate

A
  • Rising testosterone inhibits LH and FSH output
  • Rising inhibin selectively inhibits FSH output
59
Q

T ro F

In females oestrogen exerts both types of feedback

60
Q

In females oestrogen exerts both types of feedback

elavorate

A
  • Slowly rising oestrogen inhibits LH and FSH output

switch:

  • Rapidly rising oestrogen stimulates LH and FSH output
62
Q

Inhibin specifically inhibits ___ release

A

Inhibin specifically inhibits FSH release

63
Q

Error: previous card said oestrogen causes hot flushes:

A

more likely to be FSH and Lh levels which are high post meopausal

64
Q

Progesterone and oestrogen lead to ?

uterus lining properties

A

Progesterone and oestrogen -= thickening of uterus lining

65
Q

Corpus luteum is responsible for what oestrogen surge?

A

Corpus luteum = late oestrogen surge

66
Q

describe how

Mucus changes consisitency:

A

Mucus changes consisitency:

Thinner mucus after ovulation – allows sperm penetration

67
Q

why doesnt FSH surge with the LH surfe?

A

oestrogen +VE feedback stimulatory.

Leda to more inhibin – stops FSH

Therefore LH surge only.

68
Q

describe how Kiss1 neurones mediate postivie and negative feedback

A

Females have 2 popualtions of KISS1 neurones – produce kisspeptin

1 population in arcuate

1 population in preoptic area

Oestrogen acts positively on preoptic areas

69
Q

Progesterone supresses….

A

Progesterone supresses LH and FSH

70
Q

2 mechansims Progesterone supresses LH and FSH

A
  • Progesterone has a direct negative feedback effect
  • Progesterone also inhibits the positive feedback effect of oestrogen
  • * in the presence of high progesterone LH & FSH output is very depressed*
71
Q

Luteal phase picture

72
Q

describe the pelvic clock

A

ovaries drive the pelvic clock through their hormone release

Since follicular dynamics control the timing, we often speak of the pelvic clock

73
Q

fat

MVST1B HR (13 decks)

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