Population Perspective Flashcards
What does the PRISMA statement stand for, what does it do, and what is it useful for?
. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (27 item checklist)
evidence based minimum set of items aimed at helping authors report on systematic reviews and meta-analyses that assess the benefits and harms of healthcare interventions.
Useful for critical appraisal
What is the CONSORT used for?
Evidence based set of requirements for reporting RCTs. Standard way of reporting findings.
Reduces influence of bias and and aides critical appraisal and interpretation.
Consort = rCt
What does the GRADE criteria stand for and what is it used for?
Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations.
Systematic approach to judging the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.
It links evidence quality evaluations to clinical recommendations
What is the Bayesian approach.
A method of statistical inference that allows you to combine prior information to an already set hypothesis.
AKA it allows a hypothesis to be updated as more information is acquired.
Give 3 types of mortality data and 5 uses for it.
1 Cause of death (form 66) (devil)
2 Neonatal death certificate (65) (baby devil)
3 Certificate of still birth (form 34) (steroids)
1 use in epidemiology 2 plan and evaluate health services 3 set health policies and priorities and monitor targets 4 report on the publics health 5 allocate resources
What is the Mills Method/Canons
5 methods of induction that are intended to illuminate issues of causation
1 “DIRECT METHOD OF AGREEMENT” (if 2+ instances of the phenomenon have the same circumstance then the circumstance is the cause)
2 “METHOD OF DIFFERENCE” (in an instance where a phenomenon occurs and an instance where it doesn’t occur and all variables bar 1 are the same then differing variable is the cause)
3 “JOINT METHOD OF AGREEMENT AND DIFFERENCE” (combination of the 2)
4 “METHOD OF RESIDUE” (if a range of phenomena can be attributed to a range of factors and all the phenomena have been matched with all the factors bar 1. Then the remaining phenomena can be attributed to the remaining factor)
5 “METHOD OF CONCOMITANT VARIATIONS” (whenever 1 phenomena varies in any manner which causes another phenomena to vary in any manner at the same time then the 2 phenomena are said to be causative)
What are the 4 criteria of HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES and what do they do?
EVANS POSTULATES also look at the same thing.
They identify the causative agent of an infectious disease.
1 Microorganism must be found in those suffering but not in the healthy.
2 Microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.
3 The cultured microorganism must cause disease when introduced to a healthy person.
4 The microorganism must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original causative agent.
What is Finagles law of information (Murphys Law)
anything that CAN go wrong WILL go wrong.
1 Info you have is not what you want
2 Info you want is not what you need
3 Info you need is not what you can obtain
4 Info you can get costs more that what you want to pay
What is a random error?
Happens by chance.
What is a systematic error?
Happens due to bias.
What is a measurement error?
also an ‘observational error’
The difference between the measured value and the true value therefore affecting reliability and validity
what is a misclassification error?
also a type of observational error or an information bias
happens due to recall bias
what is a sampling error
occurs when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated for a sample of the population therefore the actual value of the population may differ from the estimate.
results in type 1 or type 2 errors
What is a type 1 error?
also called alpha error
error or REJECTING a TRUE null hypothesis
what is a type 2 error?
also calls a beta error
error of NOT REJECTING (accepting) a FALSE null hypothesis
what is a short form health survey (SF36)
places a self rated value on QOL
based on PHYSICAL and MENTAL health
What is the EuroQuol? (EQ-5D)
standardised instrument for measuring generic health status. 1 mobility 2 self care 3 usual activities 4 pain/discomfort 5 anxiety/depression
also comprises of an evaluation part with a VISUAL ANOLOGUE SCALE rating current feeling/health from 0-100
Define opportunity costs.
The loss of other opportunities when 1 alternative is chosen.
Notification of disease. Who does it? to which agency? what the time frame? what are the management steps? (7)
Consultant in communicable disease control Health Protection Agency within 3 days 1 Preliminary assessment 2 Case definition and identification 3 Descriptive study 4 Analytical study 5 Verify hypothesis 6 Institute control measures 7 Communicate
when must a birth notification/ registration be done and by who?
midwife within 36 hours
Parents within 42 days
what is the significance of 1/12/2003
prior to this date if the parents were not married then the father has no parental responsibility, even if named on the birth certificate.
whats the child bearing age?
15-44
when is the fetal period?
24 weeks gestation to birth
when is the early neonatal period?
Birth to 1 week
