anaemia/ leukaemia

Question 1

what are the features of ALL

Answer 1

most common childhood malignancy
some association with philademphia chromosome (B)
bone marrow aspirate >30%lymphoblasts is diagnostic
t lymphoblasts in teenagers (thymus ?SVC syndrome)

Question 2

what are the features of AML

Answer 2

most common leukaemia in adults
ass with downs
gum swelling
can lead to DIC
AUER RODS on blood film
11q23 association

Question 3

what are the features of CLL

Answer 3

usually B cell
B cells accumulate in blood, BM, spleen liver
Non-tender lymphadenopathy
associated with NHL
lymphocytosis and thrombocytonenia

Question 4

what are the features of CML

Answer 4

granulocytes
PHILADELPHIA TRANSLOCATION (brc-abl translocation)
stable –> accelerated phase (bleeding) –> AML (bone pain)
Rx = imatinib`

Question 5

What are the features of HL

Answer 5

REED-STERNBERG CELLS (a type of B cell)
NON-TENDER, FIRM, RUBBERY LYMPHADENOPATHY
(CERVICAL, SUPRACLAVICULAR, AXILLARY)
B symptoms = night sweats, fever, weight loss (>10%)
good prognosis

Question 6

what are the features of NHL

Answer 6

usually B cells
NON-TENDER FIRM, RUBBERY LYMPHADENOPATHY (is this more abdo?)
B symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss)
organ involvement

Question 7

what are the features of multiple myeloma?

Answer 7

plasma cells
bone breakdown --> (OSTEOLYTIC LESIONS)
PARA PROTEIN --> BENCE JONES PROTEIN IN URINE
back pain and pathological fractures
anaemia
kidney failure
hypercalcaemia

Question 8

what are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

Answer 8

• anaemia of chronic disease
• chronic kidney disease
• aplastic anaemia
• haemolytic anaemia

Question 9

what are the causes of microcytic anaemia?

Answer 9

• iron-deficiency anaemia
• thalassaemia*
• congenital sideroblastic anaemia
• anaemia of chronic disease (more commonly a normocytic, normochromic picture)
• lead poisoning

Question 10

what are the cause of macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 10

• vitamin B12 deficiency
• folate deficiency
• alcohol
• pregnancy