Population Health Promotion

Question 1

Concepts of Community

Answer 1

All based on collective effort and shared responsibility

Common-unity
With togetherness
Together service
Geography
Affiliation
Relationships (power)
Resources

Question 2

Health

Answer 2

a state of enough physical, mental, and social well-being to enable people to work productively and participate actively in the social and economic life of the community in which they live.” (WHO, 1978)

MORE THAN THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE

Question 3

Health promotion

Answer 3

“The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health … Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not just the objective of living.”
* Health is holistic, not just when to prevent the diease but also when you have it

• Involves the population as a whole in the context of their everyday life;
• Is directed toward action on the determinants or causes of health;
• Combines diverse but complementary approaches;

Question 4

1978—Declaration of Alma-Ata

Answer 4

Became the philosophy of community action for health
Specified elements of a health system that were essential to the achievement of health for all
“Health for All by Year 2000,”
called for health providers
to work with people to assist them in making decisions about their health

Question 5

1986—Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion in Canada

Answer 5

WHO First International Health Promotion Conference in Ottawa
Defined health as a part of everyday living, an essential dimension of the quality of our life
Reaffirmed the WHO definition of health promotion as “the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health”

Question 6

1974 – Lalonde

Answer 6

New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: how are we going to improve the health of Canadians?

Heralded a change in the focus of health on disease to a focus on health

suggested that health is tied to overall conditions of living, particularly
the environment and the behaviours chosen by people

Question 7

1986 -WHO Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion:

Answer 7

we pull on this a lot in the course. Achieving health for all. Set of goals that public policy develops from
Identified the prerequisites for health
Identified health promotion processes of enabling, advocating, and mediating

Build healthy public policy

Create supportive environments because of the inextricable links
between people &their environment

Strengthen community action

Develop personal skills

Reorient health services

Question 8

Strategies for Health Promotion

Answer 8

Strengthen community action (fostering public participation)
Create supportive environments and strengthen community health services
Build and coordinate health public policy
Develop personal skills
Re-orient health services

Question 9

Challenges to Health Promotion

Answer 9

• Reduce inequities between low- and high-income Canadians
• Increase the prevention effort
• Enhance people’s ability to manage and cope with chronic conditions, disabilities, and mental health problems

Question 10

Disease Prevention

Answer 10

Health as the absence of disease
- Specific pathology
- High-risk groups
- Directive and persuasive strategies
- Measures may be enforced
- Purview of health professionals

Question 11

Primary Prevention

Answer 11

prevention of illness or disorder before it occurs

Question 12

Secondary Prevention

Answer 12

early identification and treatment, screening

Question 13

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 13

reduction in long-term disability and chronic complication

Question 14

Categorize the following as health promotion, primary, secondary or tertiary prevention

Immunization Water fluoridation
Cervical cancer screening Leadership training
Joint replacement Seat-belt legislation
Enhancing coping Crisis line
Insulin therapy Parenting program

Answer 14

Immunization - 1
Water fluoridation -1
Cervical cancer screening -2
Leadership training - 1
Joint replacement -3
Seat-belt legislation - 1
Enhancing coping – 3/1
Crisis line -3
Insulin therapy - 3
Parenting program -1

Question 15

Primary Health Care

Answer 15

• Essential health care,
• Based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology,
• At an affordable cost, and
• Geared toward self-reliance and self-determination.

is based on:
* Universal access and coverage based on need
* Health equity oriented to social justice
* Community participation in defining and implementing health agendas

Question 16

8 Essential Elements of Primary Health Care

Answer 16

Education for identification and prevention/control of prevailing health problems
Proper food supplies and nutrition
Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
Maternal and child care (including reproductive care)
Immunization and communicable disease control
Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
Provision of essential drugs

Question 17

Population Health

Answer 17

• Founded on epidemiological principles, and statistical measures.
• Aims to improve the health of the entire population
• Aims to reduce health inequities among population groups
• Strategies are based on an assessment of the conditions of risk and benefit, with attention on particular subgroups
• Objective with its use of statistics and scientific methods to identify correlation and causation
• Focuses on the health status of populations, which are conceptualized as coherent entities that are not simply the sum of individuals
• Addresses health inequities and a broad range of factors that impact health at the population level

Question 18

List some social determinants of health

Answer 18

Income and social status
Social support networks
Education
Employment/working conditions
Social environments
Physical environments
Personal health practices & coping skills
Healthy child development
Culture
Gender
Biology & genetic endowment
Health services

Question 19

Is the following statement True or False?

The Declaration of Alma-Ata promoted a move from the traditional biomedical model of health.

Answer 19

TRUE
viewed as the bridge between the Lalonde perspective and the influence of postmodern thinkers and critical social theorists who critiqued social structures to better
understand and transform the dominant social order.

The Declaration of Alma-Ata was one of the early milestones of public health in which a proactive focus on health promotion was prioritized over the reactive treatment of disease

Question 20

Mutual aid

Answer 20

social support

Question 21

Is the following statement True or False?

The determinants of health are defined as those factors that have a bearing on the health, or absence of health, of an individual and that are modifiable by that individual.

Answer 21

False

While many of the determinants of health are modifiable (e.g., health practices and education), many are not (e.g., biology and genetic endowment).

Question 22

Risk factors

Answer 22

behaviour patterns that dispose people to poorer health, modifiable through individual behaviour change

Question 23

Risk conditions

Answer 23

general circumstances over which people have little or no control that are known to affect health status

Question 24

Lay Health

Answer 24

Lay – adaptation and harmony