4.Patterns of Health and Disease

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

• The science of population health
• study of the distribution and the determinants of health-related states
• detective stories or The study of what is upon the people

Question 2

Contributions of Epidemiology

Answer 2

Identification of risk factors
Pinpoint modifiable risk factors
Lifestyle changes
Public health changes
Study the distribution of disorder in the community

Question 3

Epidemiologic Triad

Answer 3

Agent – the disease / organism
Host – the population
Environment – the community, physical/biological/economic/political/social

Question 4

Person–Place–Time model

Answer 4

investigators examine characteristics of the persons affected (the host in the triangle model), the place (environment) or location, and the time period involved (which could relate to the agent, host, or environment).

Question 5

The Haddon Matrix

Answer 5

• two-dimensional phase-factor matrix
• first dimension comprises the three factors influencing injury: host, agent, and environment
  physical/biological/economic/political/social
• second dimension is the injury phase divided into pre-event, event, and post-event

we can analyze an injury event by the influencing
factors over time, which makes it possible to identify factors related to the host,
agent, and environment within the phases before, during, and after the event
that might be explanatory and contribute to injury prevention strategies

Question 6

Web of causation model

Answer 6

One factor leads to others, which leads to others. All factors interact with each other to produce the health outcome.
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 7

Criteria for Determining Causation

Answer 7

The association is strong
Consistency with other knowledge
The association is temporally correct
Dose–response relationship
Consideration of other alternative explanations
The association is biologically plausible
Replication of findings
Cessation of exposure
The association is specific

Question 8

4 levels of pprevention

Answer 8

Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Question 9

primordial prevention

Answer 9

prevention of risk factors for disease from existing
ex. remove access to tobacco products and environmental tobacco smoke from public venues

Question 10

Morbidity

Answer 10

you have the thing

Question 11

Mortality

Answer 11

you die from it

Question 12

Incidence

Answer 12

1 event. All the people who are newly diagnosed. The rate of how fast people are added.

the number of instances or new events of a disease in a defined population within a given period of time

Question 13

Prevalence

Answer 13

is over time. All the people who’ve had it, not just the new cases

the total number of persons in the population who have the condition at a particular time

Question 14

Examples of Internal & External risk factors

Answer 14

Internal risk factors
Age, race, sex
External risk factors
Virus, pollutant

Question 15

Attributable risk

Answer 15

• The incidence rate in the exposed group minus the incidence rate in the nonexposed group
• It is a measure of the absolute effect of exposure by removing the amount of disease that would have occurred anyway.

Question 16

You are asked to determine the number of patients with active cases of the flu in a long-term care setting on February 9, 2015. This is an example of:
- Rates
- Incidence
- Prevalence
- Data collection
- Statistics

Answer 16

C. Prevalence

The prevalence of a disease or condition refers to the total number of people in the population who have the condition at a particular time. Thus, prevalence may be calculated in a “one-shot” cross-sectional (“slice of time”) or retrospective (backward looking) study.

Question 17

Sources of Community Health Data

Answer 17

Census
Vital statistics
Notifiable disease reports
Medical and hospital records
Social welfare reports

Question 18

Sensitivity

Answer 18

how often does it correctly identify people that DO have it

is the ability to correctly identify individuals who have the disease—that is to identify a true positive. A test with high sensitivity will have few false negatives

• high sensitivity, that is, a low rate of false negatives (people who have the disease but are not detected by the screening test).

Question 19

Specificity

Answer 19

how often does it correctly identify people that DON’T have it

is the ability to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease or to call a true negative “negative.” A test with high specificity has few false positives

low specificity means that you will have a high number of people who do not have the disease but whom the test identifies as having it (false positives). Using such a test will alarm many people needlessly and will cause unnecessary

Question 20

Is the following statement True or False?

As sensitivity increases, specificity decreases, and vice versa

Answer 20

True

There is an inverse relationship between sensitivity and specificity; it is not possible to have a test with both 100% specificity and sensitivity.