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Year 2 Non med > Population Health > Flashcards

Population Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define randomised control trial

A

Similar people split into two or more groups to test a drug,treatment or other intervention

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2
Q

What does CONSORT stand for

A

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

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3
Q

What is CONSORT for bby

A

Guideline that helps readers understand RCTs
Only works if authors adhere to standards

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4
Q

What are my three favourite kinds of bias

A

Selection
Confirmation
Measurement

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5
Q

Explain selection bias

A

Sample group is not representative of the greater population
Resolved with stratification probably

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6
Q

Explain confirmation bias

A

Looking for a certain outcome means you’re more likely to see it
Can be combated by not looking for one specific outcome

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7
Q

Explain measurement bias

A

Measurement system or information it is based on is inaccurate

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8
Q

What is confounding

A

When you think a causes b when actually c causes a and b

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9
Q

How is chance involved in stats

A

U gotta prove that the change isn’t due to chance alone
Hypothesis testing

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10
Q

How do you prove causation in statistics

A

Bradford hill criteria

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11
Q

What are the Bradford hill criteria (PC BEATS)

A

Plausibility
Coherence + Consistency

Biological gradient
Experiment
Analogy
Temporality
Strength + Specificity

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12
Q

What is absolute risk

A

Incidence
Risk of developing disease over a given time period

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13
Q

What is relative risk

A

Compare risk in two distinct groups
Exposed vs non exposed

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14
Q

Attributable risk

A

Excess risk caused by exposure to a particular factor

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15
Q

What are the advantages of a cohort study

A

Time sequence can be assessed
Information on wide range of outcomes
Directly measures incidence / risk
Reduced recall bias and selection bias compared to other study designs

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16
Q

What are some disadvantages of cohort studies

A

Expensive
Takes a long time
Large sample size required
High rate of patient loss
Difficult to maintain consistency of measurement

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17
Q

Define cross sectional study

A

Measure prevalence of health outcomes or determinants of health
In a population at a specific point in time, or over a short period of time

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18
Q

Define ecological study

A

Unit of observation is the population of community
Information taken from existing sources, so does not require expensive or time consuming data collection

19
Q

Define longitudinal studies

A

Subjects are followed over time with continuous or repeated monitoring of risk factors, health outcomes, or both

20
Q

What is cost minimisation analysis

A

Only costs are compared, cheapest option is selected

21
Q

What is cost utility analysis

A

Useful for assessing costs and benefits of intervention with multiple outcomes of interest
Uses QALYs
NICE threshold = £20,000 - 30,000 per QALY

22
Q

What is cost effectiveness

A

Costs of provision of different interventions are compared via common outcome
Cheaper options which provide the same outcome are favoured

23
Q

What is a cost benefit analysis

A

Attempt to quantify costs and benefits in monetary terms

24
Q

What is health promotion

A

Social and environmental interventions
Benefit and protect individual health and QoL
Prevent root causes of ill health

25
Q

What is health prevention

A

Protection of individuals / groups through expert advice and effective collaboration
Prevent and mitigate the impact of disease

26
Q

What is a systematic review

A

Summary of medical reports on a specific clinical question
Explicit methods used to search, appraise, and synthesise existing literature

27
Q

What is a meta-analysis

A

Synthesises data from separate but similar studies, leading to a quantitative summary of pooled results

28
Q

What is HSMR

A

Hospital Standard Mortality Ratios
Ratio of observed to expected deaths, multiplied by 100

29
Q

What are the limitations of HSMR

A

Most hospital databases only capture deaths that occur in hospital - pt could die outside of hospital
Patient who is transferred between hospitals and dies in hospital 2 could then have their death blamed on hospital 2 when it was really hospital 1’s fault

30
Q

How is regression modelling used

A

Explore the effects of exposures on an outcome of interest
Can measure one (single linear regression) or multiple (multivariable linear regression)

31
Q

What are sensitivity and specificity

A

Sensitivity = the ability of the test to correctly identify positive results
Specificity = the ability of the test to correctly identify negative results

32
Q

What is positive predictive value

A

Probability that the subjects with a positive result truly have the disease

33
Q

What is negative predictive value

A

Probability that subjects with a negative test result truly do not have the disease

34
Q

What are the Wilson-Jugner criteria for screening tests (10)

A
  1. condition should be an important health problem
  2. should have an accepted treatment
  3. facilities for diagnosis and treatment are available
  4. recognisable latent phase
  5. suitable test or examination
  6. test should be acceptable to population
  7. natural history + pathophysiology are understood
  8. agreed policy on who to treat
  9. can’t be too spenny
  10. screening must be continuous
35
Q

What are the 3 methods of healthcare evaluation

A

Research
Audit
Evaluation

36
Q

How is research used in healthcare evaluation

A
  • derives generalisable new knowledge
  • tests a hypothesis
  • clearly defined question/aim
37
Q

What are some challenges surrounding research as a method of healthcare evaluation

A
  • normally requires an ethics committee
  • may involve splitting patients into intervention groups
38
Q

How are audits used in healthcare evaluation

A
  • looks into whether the service lives up to determined standard
  • measured against said standard
39
Q

Define basic reproduction value (R0)

A

Average number of secondary infections produced when an infected individual is released into a susceptible population
infect this room with covid speedrun any% wr

40
Q

What is herd immunity

A

threshold proportion of immune individuals that should lead to a decline in infection
the more infective a disease is, the higher the herd immunity threshold is

41
Q

how can healthcare workers minimise infection

A
  • personal hygiene
  • safe handling and disposal of clinical waste + sharps
  • decontaminating equipment
  • communication
  • cleaning and environment maintenance
  • PPE
42
Q

WHAT IS A P VALUE KING

A

probability that outcome is due to chance ALONE
<5% = very unlikely outcome is due to chance alone -> reject null hypothesis

> 5% = possible outcome is due to chance alone -> fail to reject null hypothesis

43
Q

WHAT IS A CONFICENCE INTERVAL

A

Range of values where u are pretty sure the true mean lies
“95% confidence interval” = 95% sure
“12% confidence interval” why would you even bother

Year 2 Non med (3 decks)

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