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HP, HEP, HD, EBM, POP, HKS > population health > Flashcards

population health Flashcards

1
Q

what type of risk factor is age, beliefs, genes?

A

pre-disposing

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2
Q

what type of risk factor is low income, poor nutrition?

A

enabling (disabling)

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3
Q

what type of risk factor is exposure to a disease agent?

A

precipitating

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4
Q

what type of risk factor is repeated exposure?

A

reinforcing

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5
Q

how to calculate relative risk?

A

risk in exposed (Re) / risk in unexposed (Ru)

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6
Q

how to calculate attributable risk (risk difference)?

A

risk in exposed (Re) - risk in unexposed (Ru)

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7
Q

how to calculate attributable fraction (AR%)?

A

[(Re - Ru) / Re] x 100%

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8
Q

what is the most important criteria for causality?

A

temporality
does this cause proceed the effect?

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9
Q

a count of new cases of the outcome (eg. disease)

incidence or prevalence?

A

incidence

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10
Q

a count of both new and existing cases of the outcome (eg. death)

incidence or prevalence?

A

prevalence

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11
Q

what are the two types of categorical data?

A

nominal (order does not matter)
ordinal (order matters)

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12
Q

what are the two types of numerical data?

A

discrete (count)
continuous (measurements)

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13
Q

how to calculate odds ratio?

A

probability of an event / probability of a non-event

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14
Q

what type of error is a false negative?
a. type I error
b. type II error

A

b. type II error

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15
Q

what type of error is a false positive?
a. type I error
b. type II error

A

a. type I error

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16
Q

testing the mean of a sample against a hypothesised value
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

A

a. 1-sample t-test

17
Q

comparing the means of 2 different samples
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

A

b. 2-sample t-test

18
Q

comparing 2 measurements of the same item
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

A

c. paired t-test

19
Q

comparing 2 categorical variables
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

A

d. X2- test

20
Q

looking for relationship between continuous variables
what statistical test to use?
a. paired t-test
b. X2- test
c. linear regression
d. logistic regression

A

c. linear regression

21
Q

looking for relationship between discrete variables
what statistical test to use?
a. paired t-test
b. X2- test
c. linear regression
d. logistic regression

A

d. logistic regression

22
Q

more cases than usual
a. epidemic/outbreak
b. pandemic
c. cluster
d. endemic

A

a. epidemic/outbreak

23
Q

world-wide outbreak
a. epidemic/outbreak
b. pandemic
c. cluster
d. endemic

A

b. pandemic

24
Q

group/aggregation of cases
a. epidemic/outbreak
b. pandemic
c. cluster
d. endemic

A

c. cluster

25
Q

permanent/regular disease incidence
a. epidemic/outbreak
b. pandemic
c. cluster
d. endemic

A

d. endemic

26
Q

extra time during which the disease is detectable by screening but not by clinical presentation
what is this referring to?

A

lead time bias
survival look longer

27
Q

lead to over-diagnosis as some cases diagnosed by screening would never present clinically if they had not been detected by screening
what is this

A

length time bias

28
Q

Which statement about case‐control studies is TRUE?

A. A case control study can be used to assess multiple outcomes.
B. A case control study can be used to estimate the incidence of the outcome of interest.
C. A case‐control study requires a long follow‐up period to ensure that enough cases can be selected for the study to give a statistically significant result.
D. The most appropriate statistic to calculate the association between the exposure and the outcome is a relative risk.
E. The most appropriate statistic to calculate the association between the exposure and the outcome is an odds ratio.

A

E. The most appropriate statistic to calculate the association between the exposure and the outcome is an odds ratio.

b. cross-sectional study (estimate prevalence)
c. RCTs
d. Retrospective cohort study

29
Q

The burden of disease in HIV/AIDS, measured in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (‘DALY’):

A. includes a disability weight reflecting the severity of the disease on a scale from 0 (equivalent to death) to 1 (perfect health)
B. includes the median duration of the condition until remission or death
C. is a measure of life expectancy for people with HIV/AIDS
D. measures the number of years that the patient with HIV/AIDS experiences disability
E. summarises morbidity and mortality in people with HIV/AIDS

A

E. summarises morbidity and mortality in people with HIV/AIDS

DALY = YLL (years of life lost) + YLD (years lost to disability)

a. referring to QALY
in DALY: 0 (perfect health) —> 1 (death)
c. YLL
d. YLD

HP, HEP, HD, EBM, POP, HKS (5 decks)

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