population health

Question 1

what type of risk factor is age, beliefs, genes?

Answer 1

pre-disposing

Question 2

what type of risk factor is low income, poor nutrition?

Answer 2

enabling (disabling)

Question 3

what type of risk factor is exposure to a disease agent?

Answer 3

precipitating

Question 4

what type of risk factor is repeated exposure?

Answer 4

reinforcing

Question 5

how to calculate relative risk?

Answer 5

risk in exposed (Re) / risk in unexposed (Ru)

Question 6

how to calculate attributable risk (risk difference)?

Answer 6

risk in exposed (Re) - risk in unexposed (Ru)

Question 7

how to calculate attributable fraction (AR%)?

Answer 7

[(Re - Ru) / Re] x 100%

Question 8

what is the most important criteria for causality?

Answer 8

temporality
does this cause proceed the effect?

Question 9

a count of new cases of the outcome (eg. disease)

incidence or prevalence?

Answer 9

incidence

Question 10

a count of both new and existing cases of the outcome (eg. death)

incidence or prevalence?

Answer 10

prevalence

Question 11

what are the two types of categorical data?

Answer 11

nominal (order does not matter)
ordinal (order matters)

Question 12

what are the two types of numerical data?

Answer 12

discrete (count)
continuous (measurements)

Question 13

how to calculate odds ratio?

Answer 13

probability of an event / probability of a non-event

Question 14

what type of error is a false negative?
a. type I error
b. type II error

Answer 14

b. type II error

Question 15

what type of error is a false positive?
a. type I error
b. type II error

Answer 15

a. type I error

Question 16

testing the mean of a sample against a hypothesised value
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

Answer 16

a. 1-sample t-test

Question 17

comparing the means of 2 different samples
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

Answer 17

b. 2-sample t-test

Question 18

comparing 2 measurements of the same item
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

Answer 18

c. paired t-test

Question 19

comparing 2 categorical variables
what statistical test to use?
a. 1-sample t-test
b. 2-sample t-test
c. paired t-test
d. X2- test

Answer 19

d. X2- test

Question 20

looking for relationship between continuous variables
what statistical test to use?
a. paired t-test
b. X2- test
c. linear regression
d. logistic regression

Answer 20

c. linear regression

Question 21

looking for relationship between discrete variables
what statistical test to use?
a. paired t-test
b. X2- test
c. linear regression
d. logistic regression

Answer 21

d. logistic regression

Question 22

more cases than usual
a. epidemic/outbreak
b. pandemic
c. cluster
d. endemic

Answer 22

a. epidemic/outbreak

Question 23

world-wide outbreak
a. epidemic/outbreak
b. pandemic
c. cluster
d. endemic

Answer 23

b. pandemic

Question 24

group/aggregation of cases
a. epidemic/outbreak
b. pandemic
c. cluster
d. endemic

Answer 24

c. cluster

Question 25

permanent/regular disease incidence a. epidemic/outbreak b. pandemic c. cluster d. endemic

Answer 25

d. endemic

Question 26

extra time during which the disease is detectable by screening but not by clinical presentation what is this referring to?

Answer 26

lead time bias survival look longer

Question 27

lead to over-diagnosis as some cases diagnosed by screening would never present clinically if they had not been detected by screening what is this

Answer 27

length time bias

Question 28

Which statement about case‐control studies is TRUE? A. A case control study can be used to assess multiple outcomes. B. A case control study can be used to estimate the incidence of the outcome of interest. C. A case‐control study requires a long follow‐up period to ensure that enough cases can be selected for the study to give a statistically significant result. D. The most appropriate statistic to calculate the association between the exposure and the outcome is a relative risk. E. The most appropriate statistic to calculate the association between the exposure and the outcome is an odds ratio.

Answer 28

E. The most appropriate statistic to calculate the association between the exposure and the outcome is an odds ratio. b. cross-sectional study (estimate prevalence) c. RCTs d. Retrospective cohort study

Question 29

The burden of disease in HIV/AIDS, measured in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (‘DALY’): A. includes a disability weight reflecting the severity of the disease on a scale from 0 (equivalent to death) to 1 (perfect health) B. includes the median duration of the condition until remission or death C. is a measure of life expectancy for people with HIV/AIDS D. measures the number of years that the patient with HIV/AIDS experiences disability E. summarises morbidity and mortality in people with HIV/AIDS

Answer 29

E. summarises morbidity and mortality in people with HIV/AIDS DALY = YLL (years of life lost) + YLD (years lost to disability) a. referring to QALY in DALY: 0 (perfect health) ---> 1 (death) c. YLL d. YLD