evidence-based medicine (EBM) Flashcards by Shu Shayne

what is the formula for negative likelihood ratio (LR-)?

(1 - sensitivity) / specificity

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what is the formula for positive likelihood ratio (LR+)?

sensitivity / (1 - specificity)

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which statements are true?

a. Best test to use for ruling out disease is one with largest LR+
b. Best test to use for ruling out disease is one with smallest LR-
c. Best test to use for ruling in disease is one with smallest LR-
d. Best test to use for ruling in disease is one with largest LR+

b. Best test to use for ruling out disease is one with smallest LR-

d. Best test to use for ruling in disease is one with largest LR+

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what are Aust R goods evaluated on?

quality, safety, efficacy

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what are Aust L goods evaluated on?

quality and safety

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what does a skewed funnel plot indicate?

publication bias

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what does horizontal line on forest plot represent?

95% confidence interval
bigger line = smaller sample

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what does the diamond on forest plot represent?

pooled mean when results are averaged

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what do the squares on forest plot represent?

mean
bigger squares = bigger sample

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what is sensitivity?

probability of positive test in those with disease

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what is specificity?

probability of negative test in those without disease

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what is positive likelihood ratio?

probability of positive test in those with disease/probability of positive test in those without disease

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what is negative likelihood ratio?

probability of negative test in those with disease/probability of negative test in those without disease

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what is positive predictive value?

Probability a person has the disease when the test is positive

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what is negative predictive value?

Probability a person does not have the disease when the test is negative

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jumping to conclusions
what kind of diagnostic error?

premature closure

not questioning your skills
what kind of diagnostic error?

overconfidence

overly influenced by the context
what kind of diagnostic error?

framing

emotional influence
what kind of diagnostic error?

affective

based on something you saw before
what kind of diagnostic error?

availability

ignoring observations that conflict with proposed diagnosis
what kind of diagnostic error?

anchoring

inexperienced member may not want to disagree
what kind of diagnostic error?

obedience

how to calculate pre-test odds?

probability / 1 - probability

MeSH (medical subjects headings terms) are:

a. a default in most medical databases
b. only in Medline and PubMed
c. free terms with no subject classification
d. in medline and EMTREE

b. only in Medline and PubMed

EMTREE in Embase

journal peer review process is where peers look at your work before submitting to a journal a. true b. false

b. false peer review process takes place AFTER submitting to a journal

which of the following is NOT important to the concept of EBM? a. improving patient satisfaction b. reducing cost c. improving clinical setting d. improving the quality

c. improving clinical setting

variation of differences (heterogeneity) between studies in meta analysis are due to all EXCEPT a. statistical differences (variation between effects being evaluated) b. confidence interval sizes c. methodological design (study designs, conduct of study) d. clinical aspects (participants, interventions, outcomes)

b. confidence interval sizes

in terms of impact of using a LR, how important is the value of a pre-test probability? a. irrelevant b. critical c. depends on diagnosis d. depends on whether LR is positive or negative

b. critical

Systematic reviews have all of the following features in common EXCEPT: A. Only studies related to clinical work are included in systematic reviews. B. Systematic reviews are focused on a single topic. C. Systematic reviews differ from narrative reviews in that they attend to the rigor of the research design. D. Systematic reviews focus on studies with similar populations, study designs and outcomes. E. The author(s) of a systematic review must document the criteria used to include or exclude studies from the review.

A. Only studies related to clinical work are included in systematic reviews.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of Clinical Practice Guidelines? A. A formal evaluation of the evidence is not always necessary B. They need to address only major treatment issues related to the condition C. They need to be accessible, but not necessarily free of charge D. They need to be applicable locally

D. They need to be applicable locally

Which of the following is not a medical literature database? Select one: a. Embase b. Cochrane Library c. MS Access d. Ovid Medline

c. MS Access

Citation number is a good measure of the impact of a journal article True or false

True

To narrow a search, which of the following should NOT be used? a. Filters b. Boolean operators (AND, NOT) c. Truncation d. Search field tags

c. Truncation

To broaden a search, which of the following should NOT be used? a. Boolean operators (AND, NOT) b. Wildcard c. Truncation d. Boolean operators (OR)

a. Boolean operators (AND, NOT)

The following are biases which may affect the results EXCEPT Select one: a. Blinding b. Complete outcome data - equal across groups c. Selective outcome reporting d. Allocation concealment

b. Complete outcome data - equal across groups

The following are best to describe RELIABILITY EXCEPT Select one: a. Generalisability b. Consistency of measure - reproducibility c. Assess the degree which raters give consistent estimates d. Assess the consistency of results across items within a test

a. Generalisability - external validity