Population Growth Flashcards
what is population growth?
population growth refers to the change in population size, whether positive, negative or none at all
what is population explosion?
a rapid increase in population
what is crude birth rate?
the number of live births per 1000 people per year
what is crude death rate?
the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
what is net natural increase?
the difference between birth rate and death rate
what is immigration?
people entering a country
what is emigration
people leaving a country
what is net migration?
the difference between immigration and emigration
what is the total fertility rate?
the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years of the specified year
what is infant mortality rate?
under-one mortality rate is the probability per 1000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching the age of 1, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year
what are some causes of high death rates?
- diseases (chlorea, malnutrition, plague), famines, wars, and natural disasters
- lack of access to stable food supply, poor diet, famine
- poor hygiene (lack of access to clean water supplies and waste disposal)
- poor medical and healthcare –> few doctors, hospitals, and drugs
- short life expectancy of <50 years
what are some causes of high birth rate?
- lack of family planning and birth control
- low female literacy
- some religious beliefs (catholicism and islam) encourage large familys
- high infant mortality rate, so parents have more kids to ensure survival of a few
- children needed for farm labour
what are some causes of low/declining death rate?
death rate will decrease when infant mortality rate is decreased and life expectancy is increased due to:
- improved medical care (vaccines. new drugs, doctors, hospitals)
- improved hygiene and sanitation
- improved food production, storage, and hence nutrition
- economic growth and higher income for better healthcare access
what are some causes of low/declining birth rate?
- better family planning and access to birth control options
- government policies (e/g china’s one-child policy)
- lower infant mortality –> less pressure to have children
- industrialization and mechanization reduce the need for laborers
- higher cost of living –> expensive to bring up children –> fewer children
- increased female education and employment –> improved status of women, later marriages, shorter childbearing years
what are the four stages of a demographic transition model?
stage 1: high stationary
- high birth rate + high death rate
- both birth rate and death rate are fluctuating, giving rise to slow population growth
stage 2: early expanding
- high birth rate + falling death rates
- steady rise in population growth
stage 3: late expanding
- rapidly falling birth rate + slightly falling death rate
- giving rise to a slowly increasing population
stage 4: low fluctuating
- low fluctuating birth rate + low fluctuating death rate
- population growth is steady
what are some impacts of rapid population growth?
- strain on natural resources like food and water, leading to hunger, malnutrition, and water shortage
- creates strain on public infrastructure like housing, education and healthcare facilities
- increase in working population –> increased demand for more jobs –> formation of informal sectors
- may spur migration as people look elsewhere for job opportunities
- family planning needs to be carried out to cut down birth rate
what are some impacts of ageing population?
- shrinking of workforce and economically active population
- the government may raise the retirement age to address workforce shortages
- fewer workers lead to a loss of competitiveness and companies need to pay higher wages to attract and keep employees
- country becomes less attractive to investors, slowing economic growth
- increased old-age dependency burden as there are fewer working people supporting more retirees
- strain on social security, financial support, and social welfare services
- older adults require more medical care, increasing healthcare costs and straining government funds
- pressure on healthcare systems due to increased demand for elderly care
- fewer men available for national defense
- rapid increase in number of migrant and foreign workers to fill workforce gaps
