population control

Question 1

what are some incentives given during Singapore’s “Stop at Two” policy in 1970?

Answer 1

• priority in choice of primary school
• abortion and sterilisation legalised and made accessible in 1970

Question 2

what are some disincentives for Singapore’s “Stop at Two” policy in 1970?

Answer 2

• higher hospital charges
• increased costs of each additional child
• removal of income tax relief for 4th and subsequent child

Question 3

what was the effect on Singapore’s population size after “Stop at Two” was put into effect?

Answer 3

• crude birth rate dropped form 28.3 to 32.8 live births per 2000 residents between 1966 to 1969
• total fertility rate dropped from 4.42 to 3.15

Question 4

what are some incentives for China’s “One Child Policy” in 1979?

Answer 4

• monetary rewards
• priority housing
• access to better healthcare services
• single child was given priority in education and employment
• birth control such as abortion, contraception, and sterilization were widely available
• late births were given 20 days of maternity leave
• single child parents had better pension terms

Question 5

what are some disincentives of China’s “One Child Policy” in 1979?

Answer 5

• deduction of annual income
• fines
• having to forgo benefits that are awarded to single-child families
• women pregnant for the second time were often coerced or forced to have abortions

Question 6

what are some effects of China’s “Single Child Policy” in 1979?

Answer 6

Birth rate dropped from 2.75 births per woman to 1.62 births per woman in 2016

Question 7

what are some pros of government policies on birth rates?

Answer 7

• prevents problems of overpopulation (some problems include: inadequate resources, food shortage, unemployment, shortage of housing, and poor living conditions)
• better education and job opportunities
• increases tac revenue and government funds
• reduces birth rate

Question 8

what are some cons of government policies on birth rates

Answer 8

• harsh policies can cause much suffering
• violates human and reproductive rights (forced abortion, birth limits)
• leads to unintended consequences like female infanticide and a skewed sex ratio
• results in spoiled single-child syndrome
• long term impacts include: birth rates below replacement levels, aging in population, difficulty in reversing the decline in birth rates)

Question 9

when are pro-natalist policies implemented?

Answer 9

when the replacement fertility rate exceeds the total fertility rate, causing the population size to decrease

Question 10

when are anti-nalalist policies implemented?

Answer 10

when the total fertility rate exceeds the replacement fertility rate, which might lead to overpopulation