Population Genetics Flashcards
What types of sequence variation is there
How can genome variation occur
What are VNTRs
How can PCR be used to detect VNTR alleles
Primer Design: Primers are short sequences of DNA that flank the region of interest, in this case, the VNTR locus. For VNTR analysis, primers are designed to bind to regions flanking the repeat region. The primers should be specific to the VNTR locus you want to amplify.
DNA Extraction: Genomic DNA containing the VNTR region needs to be extracted from the sample of interest, such as blood, saliva, or tissue.
PCR Amplification: The extracted DNA is then subjected to PCR. During PCR, the DNA is heated to separate its strands, then cooled to allow the primers to anneal to their complementary sequences on the DNA. DNA polymerase then extends the primers, synthesizing new DNA strands. In each cycle of heating and cooling, the amount of DNA doubles, resulting in exponential amplification of the target DNA region.
Gel Electrophoresis: After PCR amplification, the products are separated based on size using gel electrophoresis. The PCR products are loaded into wells in a gel, and an electric current is applied. Since DNA is negatively charged, it moves towards the positive electrode. Smaller DNA fragments move through the gel faster than larger ones.
Visualization: Once the fragments have migrated through the gel for a sufficient amount of time, the gel is stained with a fluorescent dye that binds to DNA. UV light is then used to visualize the DNA bands. Each band represents a PCR product of a different size.
Analysis: By comparing the sizes of the PCR products (bands) on the gel to a DNA ladder of known sizes, you can determine the number of repeats at the VNTR locus. Each repeat unit will add a predictable amount of base pairs to the PCR product, resulting in bands of different sizes corresponding to different numbers of repeats.
Data Interpretation: The presence or absence of certain bands and their sizes can be used to determine the genotype of the individual at the VNTR locus.
What are simple sequence repeats
What is an SNP
What is a haplotype
In simpler terms, a haplotype is a specific combination of alleles at multiple loci (specific positions) on a chromosome that are inherited together more frequently than would be expected by chance.
What is a haplotype network
A haplotype network is a graphical representation used in population genetics to visualize the relationships between different haplotypes within a population or group of individuals. It provides a way to understand the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of a population based on genetic data
Visualization: Visualize the haplotype network graphically. Each node (circle) in the network represents a unique haplotype, and edges (lines connecting nodes) represent mutational steps between haplotypes. Nodes that are connected by shorter edges are more closely related genetically, while those connected by longer edges are more distantly related.
How do you read a haploid network
Node Interpretation: Each node represents a unique haplotype observed in the population. Pay attention to the number of individuals sharing each haplotype and their distribution across different populations or groups.
Edge Interpretation: Edges (lines) between nodes represent mutational steps between haplotypes. Shorter edges indicate fewer mutational differences, suggesting recent common ancestry or shared evolutionary history. Longer edges indicate more mutational divergence, suggesting more distant relationships or genetic differentiation.
Cluster Identification: Look for clusters or groups of closely related haplotypes within the network. Clusters represent groups of haplotypes that share recent common ancestry or are more closely related genetically.
What is ghengis khans Y chromosome haplotype
What is the international hapmap project
What is a gene pool
How many alleles are known for causing CF
Have do you calculate allele frequency
What is the hardy Weinberg equation
How do you use the hardy Weinberg equation
How does x linked genes work
Have can the hardy Weinberg equation be applied to multiple alleles
What are the limitations of the hw equation
How does the inheritance of blue eyes break hardy weinbergs theory
What is SNP mutation rate
What is the SNP mutation rate in different organisms
How are four o’clock plants an example of non Mendelian inheritance in plants
how are four o’clock plants an example of maternal inheritance
What are petite and grande colonies
Why is mitichondrial (mt) DNA easy to sequence
How is mt dna inherited
How does mt genome mutation inheritance work
What makes up mtDNA
how are mtdna mutations passed down
How are mutations on the Y chromosome passed down
what is this an image of
what is this an image of
what does comparing mtDNA sequences between individuals show
what are phylogenic trees
