DNA Structure 1 Flashcards
What is meant by central dogma
What is the definition of a gene according to a geneticist
What is a biochemists definition of a gene
What is albinism
What happens of a person is heterozygous for the mutant tyrosinase gene
What happens if an individual is homozygous recessive for the mutant tyrosine gene
What is a nucleotide composed of
What is DNA and RNA (simply explained)
What sugar is present in RNA
Draw the structure of ribose and number the carbons
What sugar is present in DNA
What is steric strain
The overall strain in a molecule due to the non-bonded interactions of atoms or groups of atoms that are in close proximity so that their electrons repel each other
Draw the structure of 2’ endopuckering of deoxyribose
Draw the structure of 3’ endopuckering of deoxyribose
How are phosphate groups attached to nucleotides
What is the ending of the name of nucleotides with a different number of phosphate groups attached
How is the sugar bonded to a base in a nucleotide
What are the two types of bases
Draw the structure of adenine and number the atoms
Draw the structure of guanine and number the atoms
Draw the structure of cytosine and number the atoms
Draw the structure of uracil and number the atoms
Draw the structure of thymine and number the atoms
What determines whether a base is a ketobase or an amino base
What bases do DNA and RNA contain
What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide
What are the names of nucleosides in RNA
What are the names of nucleosides in DNA
How do you name nucleotides
How does polymerisation form dna/rna
draw the structure of a nucleotide
What is meant by nucleic acids having direction
Why is DNA the hereditary material
Draw the structure of ATP
What is base - catalysed RNA hydrolysis
RNA hydrolysis is a reaction in which a phosphodiester bond in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA is broken, cleaving the RNA molecule. RNA is susceptible to this base-catalyzed hydrolysis because the ribose sugar in RNA has a hydroxyl group at the 2’ position.
Why is RNA susceptible to base catalyzed hydrolysis but DNA is not?
RNA is more susceptible to hydrolysis than DNA since the 2′OH group, present only in RNAs, can interact with the phosphate group, which results in breaking up of the bonds through transesterification
Transesterification is when the phosphodiester bond is modified by exchanging the alkyl groups with an alcohol
What is chargaffs rule
What are the principles of watson-crick base paining
How is DNAs secondary structure stablised
What is B formDNA
What are major and minor grooves
The major groove is large enough to allow intimate protein binding to the double stranded DNA molecule
What is duplex DNA
What other forms of DNA are there
What are hairpin and stemloop structures
What kind of structure is this
Hairpin double helix
What are hairpin and stem-loop structures important for
Regulation of Gene Expression: Hairpin and stem-loop structures often form in RNA molecules, especially in the non-coding regions such as 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) or within mRNA molecules themselves. These structures can serve as recognition sites for regulatory proteins, microRNAs, or other RNA-binding molecules, thereby influencing the stability, translation efficiency, or subcellular localization of the RNA.
RNA Stability: Hairpin and stem-loop structures can affect the stability of RNA molecules. Stable hairpin structures in mRNA molecules, for example, can protect the transcript from degradation by exonucleases, thereby influencing the overall stability and half-life of the RNA.
Splicing Regulation: Hairpin and stem-loop structures can influence alternative splicing events by serving as binding sites for splicing regulatory proteins or small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These structures can modulate splice site selection and spliceosome assembly, thereby regulating the production of different mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
RNA Folding and Structure: Hairpin and stem-loop structures are fundamental elements of RNA folding and structure. They form through complementary base pairing between nucleotides within the same RNA molecule, leading to the formation of stable secondary structures. These structures contribute to the overall folding of RNA molecules into complex three-dimensional structures, which is essential for their biological functions.
RNA-RNA Interactions: Hairpin and stem-loop structures can mediate RNA-RNA interactions by serving as binding sites for complementary sequences in other RNA molecules. These interactions can facilitate processes such as RNA localization, RNA transport, RNA editing, or the formation of higher-order RNA complexes involved in regulatory or structural roles.
How can RNA -DNA structures form and when do they form
