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BIOS 1207 > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of interacting organisms of the same species

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2
Q

What is demographic structure?

A

Quantified number of individuals of each age/stage

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3
Q

What is population size?

A

Total number of individuals

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4
Q

What is population density?

A

How densely packed together individuals are

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5
Q

What is geographic range?

A

The limits/bounds established by physical limits that species can tolerate

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6
Q

Some examples of geographic range are. . .

A

Temperature and aridity, encroachment/intrusion of other species

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7
Q

The most basic approach to population growth is. . .

A

exponential

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8
Q

What does the exponential population growth approach assume?

A

Assumes that every individual produces two offspring in their lifetime

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9
Q

Growth rate (r) is. . .

A

the intrinsic rate of natural increase

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10
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain

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11
Q

What happens to population growth rate as population size increases in an environment with carrying capacity?

A

The growth rate slows/decreases

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12
Q

What happens when a population reaches carrying capacity?

A

Growth stops

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13
Q

With the addition of resource limitation, what change do you expect in the number of births as population size increases? In the number of deaths?

A

Decrease in births, increase in deaths

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14
Q

In real populations, as population size increases and approaches carrying capacity, the amount of intraspecific competition. . .

A

increases as fewer resources are freely available to each individual

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15
Q

A population of penguins has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.08 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.1. Estimate the net gain or loss of individuals from a population of 1,000 penguins in one year.

A

20 individuals lost

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16
Q

Populations growing exponentially:

A) have a growth rate (r) that increases with time
B) have a constant r
C) are under density-dependent control
D) add the same number of individuals to a population every generation
E) can continue growing exponentially indefinitely

A

B) have a constant r

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17
Q

What type of growth does a population under carrying capacity experience?

A

Logistic growth

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18
Q

What factors can change population size?

A

Biological and non-biological factors

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19
Q

What factors can regulate population size?

A

Biological factors

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20
Q

Biological factors are density ________, and nonbiological factors are density ________

A

dependent; independent

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21
Q

Density affects population regulation by the four factors of. . .

A

1) territoriality
2) disease
3) predation
4) toxic wastes

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22
Q

How does territoriality regulate population?

A

Maintaining territory enables individuals to capture enough food to reproduce where space is limited)

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23
Q

How does disease regulate population?

A

Less dense populations experience slower spread; more dense populations experience faster spread thus increased rate of death > birth

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24
Q

How does predation regulate population?

A

Predators may concentrate on most abundant prey

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25
Q

How does toxic waste regulate population?

A

Metabolic by-product accumulates as population grows

26
Q

What is fecundity?

A

The number of offspring an individual can have in its lifetime

27
Q

Metapopulations are. . .

A

populations of the same species linked together by migration

28
Q

True or False?

Metapopulations are different but interlinked populations that have their own habitat

A

True

29
Q

Genetic exchange between source/sink population depends on the three factors of. . .

A

1) population size
2) habitat carrying capacity
3) ability of individuals to move between habitats

30
Q

What is life history?

A

The theory of how energy is allocated to different aspects of organisms’ survival

31
Q

Life history traits are traits that. . .

A

impact survival and reproductive output

32
Q

Some examples of life history traits are. . .

A
  • size at birth
  • age and size at maturity
  • number and size of offspring
  • reproductive value
  • lifespan and senescence
33
Q

What is senescence?

A

The decline in fecundity with age

34
Q

The life history theory explains how. . .

A

evolution optimizes survival and reproductive characteristics in different populations

35
Q

Life history trade-off is. . .

A

the optimization when increase or decrease in evolution leads to negative or opposite effect on life history trait

36
Q

What are r-selected traits?

A

Life history traits that maximize growth rate

37
Q

What are K-selected traits?

A

Life history traits that are selected for in organisms living at densities near environmental carrying capacity

38
Q

A population of waterbuck has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.67 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.05. Estimate the net gain or loss of individuals from a population of 10,000 waterbucks in one year.

A

6200 individuals added

39
Q

What is reproductive value?

A

Average number of offspring that will be produced by an individual at a given age

40
Q

Reproductive value is influenced by. . .

A

probability of survival and successful reproduction

41
Q

When is reproductive value the lowest? When is it the highest?

A

At birth; at peak of sexual maturity

42
Q

The purpose of a life table is to. . .

A

study age-specific population characteristics and determine the number of individuals that survive from one group to the next

43
Q

A cohort life table follows. . .

A

one group born at the same time until the death of all individuals

44
Q

The two key assumptions of a cohort life table are. . .

A

1) population sample of each age class is proportional to actual population
2) age-specific mortality rates remain constant

45
Q

What is net productive rate (R0)?

A

The sum of the product of survivorship times fecundity

46
Q

When R0 > 1, what is happening in the population?

A

Producing more offspring than losing from death

47
Q

What are the different types of survivorship curve?

A

1) Type I
2) Type II
3) Type III

48
Q

Type I curve represents a population that has a. . .

A

low mortality rate when young and high mortality rate when old (concave down exponential curve)

49
Q

Type II curve represents a population that has a. . .

A

constant mortality rate (negative linear line)

50
Q

Type III curve represents a population that has a. . .

A

high mortality rate when young and low mortality rate when old (concave up exponential curve)

51
Q

The survivorship curve is represented with _______ on the x-axis and _______ on the y-axis

A

time; number of surviving individuals

52
Q

What are the four different types of metapopulations?

A

1) classic
2) mainland-island
3) patchy
4) non-equilibrium

53
Q

A classic metapopulation is characterized by. . .

A
  • isolated patches of suitable habitat
  • adequate migration rate
  • occupied and unoccupied patches
54
Q

A mainland-island metapopulation is characterized by. . .

A
  • the colonization of islands by the mainland population
  • systems of patches located near larger mainland
  • the assumption that there is no extinction
55
Q

A patchy metapopulation is characterized by. . .

A
  • isolated populations within range of suitable habitat
  • interlinked subpopulations and demographics
56
Q

A non-equilibrium metapopulation is characterized by. . .

A
  • different patches of suitable habitat that have asynchronous dynamics
  • unlinked and independent subpopulations and demographics
57
Q

Reproductive value increases with onset of. . .

A

sexual maturity then declines with age

58
Q

Selection acts most efficiently on ______ reproductive value.

A

high

59
Q

What is the dispersal stage in the human life cycle?

A

Young adults

60
Q

Post-menopausal human females can no longer produce offspring, but their reproductive value is typically > 0. How can this be?

A

They care for grandchildren and other close relatives that will eventually produce their own offspring.

61
Q

The shape of an age structure diagram for a population experiencing rapid growth is a ______.

A

pyramid (the pyramid indicates many young individuals relative to fewer older individuals)

62
Q

Imagine that a species of fish used to be a broadcast spawner (producing many eggs that then get no subsequent parental care) but has evolved to be a mouth brooder (holding the eggs in the parent’s mouth until they hatch and then caring for the young for a while). We would expect the survivorship curve of this species to shift

A) from Type I to Type II or III.
B) from Type II to Type I.
C) from Type III to Type I or II.
D) from Type II to Type III.
E) The survivorship type would vary unpredictably.

A

C) from Type III to Type I or II.

BIOS 1207 (8 decks)

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