Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOS 1207 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

G1 phase

A
  • period after cell division and before start of DNA replication
  • cells grow and monitor environment to determine whether to initiate another round of cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

S phase

A
  • period of DNA synthesis
  • cells replicate chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

G2 phase

A
  • period between end of DNA replication and start of cell division
  • cells check to make sure DNA replicated successfully and make any necessary repairs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

M phase

A
  • period of actual cell division
  • prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diploid

A

two copies of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that do not differ between males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that differ between males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

euploid

A

cells with complete number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

aneuploid

A

cells with missing or extra chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

homologous

A

two copies of a particular chromosome that can have different variants of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

unreplicated chromosome

A

chromosome with one long strand of DNA double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

replicated chromosome

A

chromosome that has been copied and consists of two identical chromatids, each containing one double helix and joined at the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sister chromatids

A

the two attached, identical copies of a replicated chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mitosis prophase

A

chromosomes condense; each chromosome consists of a pair of identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mitosis metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell, along the plane of cell division, pushed and pulled by microtubules of the spindle apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mitosis anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and migrate towards opposite ends of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mitosis telophase

A

chromatids cluster at opposite ends of the cell and begin to decondense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cytokinesis

A

the membrane pinches in to divide the two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Action

A

all possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible in the two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prokaryote genome

A

usually packed into one circular chromosome consisting of circular DNA molecule of few million base pairs (Mbp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

eukaryote genome

A

packaged into multiple linear chromosomes, each consisting of a linear DNA molecule of tens or hundreds of Mbp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chromosome number (N)

A

the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell, or gamete (sperm or egg cell)

24
Q

particulate inheritance

A

the idea that hereditary elements are passed on in discrete units rather than “blended” together at each new generation

25
Q

gene

A
  • a hereditary factor that determines (or influences) a particular trait
  • comprised of a specific DNA sequence and is located on a specific region of a specific chromosome called genetic locus
26
Q

allele

A

a particular variant of a gene

27
Q

genotype

A

the particular collection of alleles found in its DNA

28
Q

homozygous

A

two of the same alleles for a particular gene

29
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles for a particular gene

30
Q

phenotype

A
  • observable traits
  • can have a heterozygous at a particular locus but have a phenotype that looks like only one of the two alleles due to dominance/recessiveness
31
Q

dominant allele

A

produces its phenotype whether the organism is homozygous or heterozygous at that locus

32
Q

recessive allele

A

produces its phenotype only when homozygous at the locus; its phenotype is masked if the locus is heterozygous

33
Q

sex linkage

A

inheritance of genes of sex chromosomes (X and Y)

34
Q

genetic linkage

A

the genes controlling two different traits are located near each other on the same chromosome

35
Q

genetic recombination

A

new combinations of alleles on chromosome

36
Q

Mendelian traits

A
  • single gene
  • dominant/recessive inheritance
37
Q

non-Mendelian traits

A

anything other than Mendelian traits

38
Q

differentiate

A

to become specialized by making different sets of proteins

39
Q

transcriptional control

A

whether and how much a gene is transcribed into mRNA

40
Q

translational control

A

whether and how much a gene is translated into protein

41
Q

post-translational control

A

whether the protein is in an active or inactive form, and whether the protein is stable or degraded

42
Q

positive regulation

A

turning on gene expression

43
Q

negative regulation

A

turning off gene regulation

44
Q

co-regulation

A

turning multiple genes on or off together

45
Q

promoters

A
  • sites in DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
  • contain binding sites for transcription factors
46
Q

transcription factors

A

DNA-binding proteins that help recruit or repel DNA polymerase

47
Q

regulatory element

A

a DNA sequence that certain transcription factors recognize and bind to in order to recruit or repel RNA polymerase

48
Q

constitutively expressed

A

genes always transcribed

49
Q

operon

A

two or more functionally related genes transcribed together from single promoter into one long mRNA

50
Q

lacZ

A

encodes the enzyme beta-galactosidase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose

51
Q

lacY

A

encodes permease, a membrane protein for facilitated diffusion of lactose into the cell

52
Q

lacA

A

encodes transacetylase, an enzyme that modifies lactose

53
Q

C-value paradox

A

the amount of DNA in a haploid genome (the 1C value) does not seem to correspond strongly to the complexity of an organism, and 1C values can be extremely variable

54
Q

introns

A

“intervening” sequences in genes that do not code for proteins

55
Q

exons

A

the sequence of DNA present in mature messenger RNA, some of which encodes the amino acids of a protein

56
Q

principle of segregation

A

two alleles for a particular trait are segregated into different gametes

57
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

alleles for different traits are segregated independently

BIOS 1207 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions