Population Dynamics U4AOS1

Question 1

Demography

Answer 1

the statistical study of human populations with reference to size, density, distribution and vital stats

Question 2

Population Distribution

Answer 2

how a population is spread across a global, national, regional and local scale (where people are located)

Question 3

Population Density

Answer 3

the number of ppl living in an area (usually a square km) density can be described as dense or sparse

Question 4

Crude Birth Rate

Answer 4

number of births/year in a pop h/w doesn’t take into account gender of age of pop

Question 5

Birth Rates Stats

Answer 5

• Highest birth rates = African countries H/w exception in North and South of Continent
• Ares of highest birth rates associated with less economically dev areas e.g. Uganda
• Over time pop naturally increases as no. of births exceed no of deaths
• Since 1950s birth rates falling

Question 6

Reasons for high birth rates

Answer 6

• High infant + child mortality rate b/c unsafe cond.
• Rural areas children = econ asset
• Children can provide old age supp for parents
• Limited access to contraception
• Low levels of education limit women’s decision and ability to plan
• Religious beliefs
• Countries policies against birth control + abortion

Question 7

Reasons for declining birth rates

Answer 7

• Low infant + child mortality rate b/c safer cond.
• Children seen as econ liability b/c high cost in raising the,
• Welfare systems + superannuation to support aging adults
• Widespread access to contraception
• Many women better educated + expected to have careers outside home – delay or reduce childbirths
• Pro-natalist religious beliefs rejected
• Social success not equated with family size

Question 8

Total Fertility Rate

Answer 8

average no. of births per woman of child-bearing age b/w 15-49 yrs
- Strongly interconn. with birth rates
- 2021 averaged 2.42 children per woman globally
- TFR falling throughout world

Question 9

Influences on fertility rates

Answer 9

• Family planning programs extended from urban to rural areas + areas that are LED
• Improvements in health care – lower death rates of younger ppl
• Extension of women’s education and status empower choices
• Urbanization of pop encourages lower fertility b/c high cost of raising children + greater opp for w to have careers
• Role of gov policies
  TFR = indicator of future pop growth

Question 10

Replacement Rate

Answer 10

2.1
the fertility rate at which a pop neither grows or shrinks
- 2.1
- h/w pop can grow if fertility rates below RR b/c large no. of young ppl reaching reproductive age known as population momentum
- ageing pop in countries like Jap and Italy
- crude death rates have fallen worldwide since 1950

Question 11

Population Momentum

Question 12

Reasons for crude Birth Rates falling

Answer 12

• spread of knowledge + more effective control of diseases
• individ gov programs + int efforts targeting safer water supplies + improving sanitation red risk of waterborne diseases etc.
• Green Rev – increasing global food supplies + food security

Question 13

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 13

average no. of deaths of ppl less than 1yr in age per 1000 live births in a year

Question 14

Child Mortality Rate

Answer 14

average no. of deaths of children under age of 5 (inc. infants) per 1000 live births per year
- Global average rates of IMR + CMR have declined since 1950s

Question 15

Maternal Mortality

Answer 15

refers to the no. of mothers who die because of pregnancy-related conditions or within 42 days of termination of a pregnancy

Question 16

Life Expectancy

Answer 16

the average no of years a person can be expected to live from birth
- Extended life expectancies prod. Ageing pops

Question 17

Gender ratio and Cause

Answer 17

• b/w 103-106 males are born to every 100 females
  Caused by;
• trad social system prioritizing boys
• pressure to ensure boy/boys are part of the family
• availability of gender determining tech
• legality of abortion
• parents may opt to terminate pregnancy if prefer a boy over a girl

Question 18

Population Growth

Answer 18

• until 1750s pop growth = slow b/c birth rates and death rates were high
• exponential growth
• fastes growth rate occurred b/w 1962-1968 at 2.1 and 2.2%
• since 1970s growth rates have slowed b/c falling birth rates b/c rising age of marriage, wider use of contraceptives and trends towards smaller families in many countries
• China and Inda together account for 35.6% of global pop China 17.9% and India 17.7%
• Falls in birth rates in China influenced global stats
• Predictions on world pop size = based on sum of individ national pop growth projections
• Predicted 9.7 billion by 2050

Question 19

Natural Change

Answer 19

the difference b/w births And deaths

Question 20

Migration Change

Answer 20

the difference b/w Immigration (In) and Emigration (out)

Question 21

Country Population Change

Answer 21

Births + immigration - Deaths + emigration
-20% of the world;s countries were experiencing a natural decrease b/c death rates exceeded birth rates which could rise to 50 by 2050

Question 22

Spatial distribution of current pop growth

Answer 22

• Unevenly distributed
• Majority of ppl located in the NH
• Large concentrations in Asia/Euro

Question 23

Green Revolution

Answer 23

large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties

Question 24

Blue Revolution

Answer 24

The Blue Revolution refers to the significant growth and intensification of global aquaculture production—domestication and farming of fish, shellfish

Question 25

Genetic Farming

Answer 25

Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants used in agriculture that have had their DNA modified through gene technology.

Question 26

Demographic Transition Model

Answer 26

A method that shows the various stages through which a population may pass

Question 27

Stage 1 DTM

Answer 27

1. High Stationary – high fluctuating Br / high fluctuating DR/ low natural increase – e.g. Amazon Basin Tribes

Question 28

Stage 2 DTM

Answer 28

2. Early Expanding – still high and stable BR h/w fluctuating / rapidly decreasing DR / rapidly increasing pop size e.g. Kenya

Question 29

Stage 3 DTM

Answer 29

3. Late/Low Expanding – small decreasing DR / rapid decrease BR / pop increases h/w starts to slow e.g. India, Brazil

Question 30

Stage 4 DTM

Answer 30

4. Low Stationary – Very low DR // continually BR / fairly stationary pop e.g. UK, Aus

Question 31

Stage 5 DTM

Answer 31

5. Declining – Very low BR / slightly increasing DR/ zero pop growth or decreasing e.g. Germany, Japan

Question 32

Limitations of DTM

Answer 32

• The model was dev for MED’s t/f LEDC’s may not follow the same pattern
• Some countries have an ageing pop
• Disease, migration, war, disaster and government policies also may all influence a pop + not accounted for

Question 33

Forced Migration

Answer 33

when the migrant has no personal choice but has to move e.g. religious or political persecuton, natural disasters

Question 34

Voluntary Migration

Answer 34

– free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life e.g employment, trade

Question 35

Internal Migration

Answer 35

movement from one country to another

Question 36

Push factors

Answer 36

a negative factor which makes people want to leave a location

Question 37

Pull factors

Answer 37

a positive factor which attracts people to a location

Question 38

Migration Agency - Low

Answer 38

forces that an individual cannot control
- Slavery
- Trafficking victims
- Prisoners
- Refugees
- displacees

Question 39

Migration Agency - High agency

Answer 39

Personal decision
- family migration
- amenity seeking / lifestyle migration

Question 40

Refugee

Answer 40

owing to a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, avail themselves of the protection of that county.
- Forced to leave their country

Question 41

Displaced person

Answer 41

those forced to move because of a situation they can’t control including environmental disaster, violence or government decision
- Unlike internally displaced persons (IDPs) refugees are vulnerable because they have no protection from the gov of the country they have been involuntarily forced to flee