Population Dynamics U4AOS1 Flashcards
Demography
the statistical study of human populations with reference to size, density, distribution and vital stats
Population Distribution
how a population is spread across a global, national, regional and local scale (where people are located)
Population Density
the number of ppl living in an area (usually a square km) density can be described as dense or sparse
Crude Birth Rate
number of births/year in a pop h/w doesn’t take into account gender of age of pop
Birth Rates Stats
- Highest birth rates = African countries H/w exception in North and South of Continent
- Ares of highest birth rates associated with less economically dev areas e.g. Uganda
- Over time pop naturally increases as no. of births exceed no of deaths
- Since 1950s birth rates falling
Reasons for high birth rates
- High infant + child mortality rate b/c unsafe cond.
- Rural areas children = econ asset
- Children can provide old age supp for parents
- Limited access to contraception
- Low levels of education limit women’s decision and ability to plan
- Religious beliefs
- Countries policies against birth control + abortion
Reasons for declining birth rates
- Low infant + child mortality rate b/c safer cond.
- Children seen as econ liability b/c high cost in raising the,
- Welfare systems + superannuation to support aging adults
- Widespread access to contraception
- Many women better educated + expected to have careers outside home – delay or reduce childbirths
- Pro-natalist religious beliefs rejected
- Social success not equated with family size
Total Fertility Rate
average no. of births per woman of child-bearing age b/w 15-49 yrs
- Strongly interconn. with birth rates
- 2021 averaged 2.42 children per woman globally
- TFR falling throughout world
Influences on fertility rates
- Family planning programs extended from urban to rural areas + areas that are LED
- Improvements in health care – lower death rates of younger ppl
- Extension of women’s education and status empower choices
- Urbanization of pop encourages lower fertility b/c high cost of raising children + greater opp for w to have careers
- Role of gov policies
TFR = indicator of future pop growth
Replacement Rate
2.1
the fertility rate at which a pop neither grows or shrinks
- 2.1
- h/w pop can grow if fertility rates below RR b/c large no. of young ppl reaching reproductive age known as population momentum
- ageing pop in countries like Jap and Italy
- crude death rates have fallen worldwide since 1950
Population Momentum
Reasons for crude Birth Rates falling
- spread of knowledge + more effective control of diseases
- individ gov programs + int efforts targeting safer water supplies + improving sanitation red risk of waterborne diseases etc.
- Green Rev – increasing global food supplies + food security
Infant Mortality Rate
average no. of deaths of ppl less than 1yr in age per 1000 live births in a year
Child Mortality Rate
average no. of deaths of children under age of 5 (inc. infants) per 1000 live births per year
- Global average rates of IMR + CMR have declined since 1950s
Maternal Mortality
refers to the no. of mothers who die because of pregnancy-related conditions or within 42 days of termination of a pregnancy
Life Expectancy
the average no of years a person can be expected to live from birth
- Extended life expectancies prod. Ageing pops
Gender ratio and Cause
- b/w 103-106 males are born to every 100 females
Caused by; - trad social system prioritizing boys
- pressure to ensure boy/boys are part of the family
- availability of gender determining tech
- legality of abortion
- parents may opt to terminate pregnancy if prefer a boy over a girl
Population Growth
- until 1750s pop growth = slow b/c birth rates and death rates were high
- exponential growth
- fastes growth rate occurred b/w 1962-1968 at 2.1 and 2.2%
- since 1970s growth rates have slowed b/c falling birth rates b/c rising age of marriage, wider use of contraceptives and trends towards smaller families in many countries
- China and Inda together account for 35.6% of global pop China 17.9% and India 17.7%
- Falls in birth rates in China influenced global stats
- Predictions on world pop size = based on sum of individ national pop growth projections
- Predicted 9.7 billion by 2050
Natural Change
the difference b/w births And deaths
Migration Change
the difference b/w Immigration (In) and Emigration (out)
Country Population Change
Births + immigration - Deaths + emigration
-20% of the world;s countries were experiencing a natural decrease b/c death rates exceeded birth rates which could rise to 50 by 2050
Spatial distribution of current pop growth
- Unevenly distributed
- Majority of ppl located in the NH
- Large concentrations in Asia/Euro
Green Revolution
large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties
Blue Revolution
The Blue Revolution refers to the significant growth and intensification of global aquaculture production—domestication and farming of fish, shellfish
Genetic Farming
Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants used in agriculture that have had their DNA modified through gene technology.
Demographic Transition Model
A method that shows the various stages through which a population may pass
Stage 1 DTM
- High Stationary – high fluctuating Br / high fluctuating DR/ low natural increase – e.g. Amazon Basin Tribes
Stage 2 DTM
- Early Expanding – still high and stable BR h/w fluctuating / rapidly decreasing DR / rapidly increasing pop size e.g. Kenya
Stage 3 DTM
- Late/Low Expanding – small decreasing DR / rapid decrease BR / pop increases h/w starts to slow e.g. India, Brazil
Stage 4 DTM
- Low Stationary – Very low DR // continually BR / fairly stationary pop e.g. UK, Aus
Stage 5 DTM
- Declining – Very low BR / slightly increasing DR/ zero pop growth or decreasing e.g. Germany, Japan
Limitations of DTM
- The model was dev for MED’s t/f LEDC’s may not follow the same pattern
- Some countries have an ageing pop
- Disease, migration, war, disaster and government policies also may all influence a pop + not accounted for
Forced Migration
when the migrant has no personal choice but has to move e.g. religious or political persecuton, natural disasters
Voluntary Migration
– free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life e.g employment, trade
Internal Migration
movement from one country to another
Push factors
a negative factor which makes people want to leave a location
Pull factors
a positive factor which attracts people to a location
Migration Agency - Low
forces that an individual cannot control
- Slavery
- Trafficking victims
- Prisoners
- Refugees
- displacees
Migration Agency - High agency
Personal decision
- family migration
- amenity seeking / lifestyle migration
Refugee
owing to a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, avail themselves of the protection of that county.
- Forced to leave their country
Displaced person
those forced to move because of a situation they can’t control including environmental disaster, violence or government decision
- Unlike internally displaced persons (IDPs) refugees are vulnerable because they have no protection from the gov of the country they have been involuntarily forced to flee
