Population Dynamics Flashcards
Crude Birth Rate
the number of births in a total population in a year, given as a rate per 1000 people
Total Fertility Rate
the average number of children a person is likely to have if they live to the end of child-bearing age
Replacement Rate
the fertility rate required to keep a population stable (neither increasing or decreasing)
Crude Death Rate
the number of deaths in a total population in a year, given as a rate per 1000 people
Natural Increase
the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate of a population, with births exceeding deaths, usually expressed as a percentage
Life Expectancy
the average number of years a person might be expected to live, usually measured from birth
Infant Mortality Rate
the number of deaths of children under one year old per 1000 live births in a year
Child Mortality Rate
average number of deaths of children under the age of 5 per 1000 children in a year
Ageing Population
A population where older people become proportionally larger share of the total population. Increased percentages of the elderly (usually 65 and over), increased median age of total population, decreased percentages of children
Demographic Transition Model
graph that shows change in population over time
Forced Migration
When the migrant has no personal choice but has to move
Voluntary Migration
free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life
Internal Migration
movement from one country to another
International Migration
movement from one country to another
High Agency Migration
migration as a result of personal decision
Low Agency Migraiton
migration as a result of forces that a person cannot control
Refugee
forcibly displaced people who have left their country of origin
Asylum Seeker
seeking refugee status but not confirmed
Illegal Immigration
entering country w/out permission
Internally Displaced Person
been forced to leave their homes but have not crossed international borders
Reasons for increasing birth rate
- High infant/child mortality rates due to unsafe drinking water, disease, food shortage, limited health services → ↑ likelihood of couples trying to have additional children to ensure some survive to adulthood
- In rural areas children can be economic asset to help on farm, do housework/chores, and earn money for the family
- Provide old age support and security for their parents, especially if governments don’t provide pensions
- Limited or no access to contraception/ family planning
- Low levels of education may inhibit women’s power to make decisions surrounding the size of their family
- Religious beliefs may limit family planning
- Pro-natalist policies→ ↓ access to birth control/abortion
- Cultures may associate large families with social + personal success
Reasons for decreasing birth rates
- Low infant/child mortality rate due to safe drinking water, effective access to health services, and reliable food sources → ↓ need to have more children in hopes of survival into adulthood as it is ↑ likely to survive
- Children could be seen as an economic liability, particularly with education and housing, during times of financial stress
- Welfare systems and superannuation schemes exist to support parents when they retire
- Widespread access + education about contraception + family planning is available
- Women are better educated + have careers outside the home → delay childbearing/ choosing to have fewer or no children
- Pro-natalist religious beliefs may be rejected
- Less pressure to marry + have a family
Reason for decreasing fertility rates
- Extension of family planning programs to rural areas + areas of lower economic development
- Improvements in health care (access to abortion, safer childbirth + vaccination) → lower death rates of young children + ↓ need for replacement children
- ↑ in women’s education → empowering choices made by women
- ↑ urbanisation of the population → ↑ opportunities for women, ↑ cost of raising a child
- Government policies (China’s 1 Child Policy + Bangladesh’s 2 Child Policy)
Reasons for decreasing death rates
- The spread of knowledge + more effective control of diseases / spread of vaccines → ↓ deaths from TB, polio, influenza, and COVID-19 in LDCs
- Individual government programs + international efforts → safer water supplies, ↑ sanitation + ↓ cholera + gastroenteritis
- The Green Revolution → ↑ global food supplies + ↑ food security
IMR/CMR stats
- IMR/CMR have been steadily decreasing since 1950s
- Afghanistan has one of the highest IMRs (50-100 per 1000 births) due to a lack of basic healthcare, need to travel, and a lack of education
- Slovenia has the lowest infant mortality rate in the world (1.5 per 1000)
- Men generally have a lower life expectancy than women, but boys have a higher birthrate than girls
Malthusian Theory
Malthus’ belief that eventually population would catch up with food production and reach a climax point where mass famine would result in a decrease in population.
Migration
- Barriers to migration physical barriers in policy and attitudes towards immigrants/ expenses + money
- Factors that have made migration easier: better transport (planes, boats, etc.), some nations very welcoming to immigrants (e.g. European Union), organisations/programs to support migrants (e.g. UNHCR), people/family from source country already there
