Population Dynamics

Question 1

Crude Birth Rate

Answer 1

the number of births in a total population in a year, given as a rate per 1000 people

Question 2

Total Fertility Rate

Answer 2

the average number of children a person is likely to have if they live to the end of child-bearing age

Question 3

Replacement Rate

Answer 3

the fertility rate required to keep a population stable (neither increasing or decreasing)

Question 4

Crude Death Rate

Answer 4

the number of deaths in a total population in a year, given as a rate per 1000 people

Question 5

Natural Increase

Answer 5

the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate of a population, with births exceeding deaths, usually expressed as a percentage

Question 6

Life Expectancy

Answer 6

the average number of years a person might be expected to live, usually measured from birth

Question 7

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 7

the number of deaths of children under one year old per 1000 live births in a year

Question 8

Child Mortality Rate

Answer 8

average number of deaths of children under the age of 5 per 1000 children in a year

Question 9

Ageing Population

Answer 9

A population where older people become proportionally larger share of the total population. Increased percentages of the elderly (usually 65 and over), increased median age of total population, decreased percentages of children

Question 10

Demographic Transition Model

Answer 10

graph that shows change in population over time

Question 11

Forced Migration

Answer 11

When the migrant has no personal choice but has to move

Question 12

Voluntary Migration

Answer 12

free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life

Question 13

Internal Migration

Answer 13

movement from one country to another

Question 14

International Migration

Answer 14

movement from one country to another

Question 15

High Agency Migration

Answer 15

migration as a result of personal decision

Question 16

Low Agency Migraiton

Answer 16

migration as a result of forces that a person cannot control

Question 17

Refugee

Answer 17

forcibly displaced people who have left their country of origin

Question 18

Asylum Seeker

Answer 18

seeking refugee status but not confirmed

Question 19

Illegal Immigration

Answer 19

entering country w/out permission

Question 20

Internally Displaced Person

Answer 20

been forced to leave their homes but have not crossed international borders

Question 21

Reasons for increasing birth rate

Answer 21

• High infant/child mortality rates due to unsafe drinking water, disease, food shortage, limited health services → ↑ likelihood of couples trying to have additional children to ensure some survive to adulthood
• In rural areas children can be economic asset to help on farm, do housework/chores, and earn money for the family
• Provide old age support and security for their parents, especially if governments don’t provide pensions
• Limited or no access to contraception/ family planning
• Low levels of education may inhibit women’s power to make decisions surrounding the size of their family
• Religious beliefs may limit family planning
• Pro-natalist policies→ ↓ access to birth control/abortion
• Cultures may associate large families with social + personal success

Question 22

Reasons for decreasing birth rates

Answer 22

• Low infant/child mortality rate due to safe drinking water, effective access to health services, and reliable food sources → ↓ need to have more children in hopes of survival into adulthood as it is ↑ likely to survive
• Children could be seen as an economic liability, particularly with education and housing, during times of financial stress
• Welfare systems and superannuation schemes exist to support parents when they retire
• Widespread access + education about contraception + family planning is available
• Women are better educated + have careers outside the home → delay childbearing/ choosing to have fewer or no children
• Pro-natalist religious beliefs may be rejected
• Less pressure to marry + have a family

Question 23

Reason for decreasing fertility rates

Answer 23

• Extension of family planning programs to rural areas + areas of lower economic development
• Improvements in health care (access to abortion, safer childbirth + vaccination) → lower death rates of young children + ↓ need for replacement children
• ↑ in women’s education → empowering choices made by women
• ↑ urbanisation of the population → ↑ opportunities for women, ↑ cost of raising a child
• Government policies (China’s 1 Child Policy + Bangladesh’s 2 Child Policy)

Question 24

Reasons for decreasing death rates

Answer 24

• The spread of knowledge + more effective control of diseases / spread of vaccines → ↓ deaths from TB, polio, influenza, and COVID-19 in LDCs
• Individual government programs + international efforts → safer water supplies, ↑ sanitation + ↓ cholera + gastroenteritis
• The Green Revolution → ↑ global food supplies + ↑ food security

Question 25

IMR/CMR stats

Answer 25

• IMR/CMR have been steadily decreasing since 1950s
• Afghanistan has one of the highest IMRs (50-100 per 1000 births) due to a lack of basic healthcare, need to travel, and a lack of education
• Slovenia has the lowest infant mortality rate in the world (1.5 per 1000)
• Men generally have a lower life expectancy than women, but boys have a higher birthrate than girls

Question 26

Malthusian Theory

Answer 26

Malthus’ belief that eventually population would catch up with food production and reach a climax point where mass famine would result in a decrease in population.

Question 27

Migration

Answer 27

• Barriers to migration physical barriers in policy and attitudes towards immigrants/ expenses + money
• Factors that have made migration easier: better transport (planes, boats, etc.), some nations very welcoming to immigrants (e.g. European Union), organisations/programs to support migrants (e.g. UNHCR), people/family from source country already there