Niger Flashcards
1
Q
Niger Population Characteristics
A
- 2024 population: 27 million
- TFR: 5.9
- Life Expectancy: 61.4 (total), 60.5 (f), 62.4 (m)
- IMR: 63.3/1000/y
- HDI: 189/1000/y
- BR: 43.8/100/y
- DR: 7.8/1000/y
- Growth rate: 3.7
2
Q
Factors that affect population changes in Niger
A
- Cultural norms: religion + contraception use + family structures/women’s influence
o 90% of Niger’s population are Muslim
o 17% of couples use a method of contraception in 2020 - Education: low levels of literacy + schooling
o 35.05% of the adult population can read/write, 43.5% of the youth in Niger is literate
43.6% of adult males and 26.6% of adult females are literate
51.1% of boys and 35.6% of girls are literate
o Over half of children aged 7-16 are enrolled in school
o Only 60% of girls complete primary school (lower in rural areas)
o Less than 1 in 10 girls attend secondary school - Early age of marriage: married B4 15
o 2000-2020 28% of Nigerian girls are married before they turn 15, 76% before 18
o The legal age of marriage was changed from 15 to 18
o 80% of married 20–24-year-old women had no formal education, but only 17% girls who compete secondary school are married by 18 - Child Mortality Rate:
o IMR: 80.4/1000/year
o Lack of access to sanitation, health care, clean water, immunization for both mother and child - Govt X focus on family planning
- Children: economic asset
3
Q
Emigration in Niger
A
- Emigration: UN estimates 3% of Nigeriens emigrate, mostly males, to W. Africa e.g. Mali, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso, get work and send remittance back to family
4
Q
Immigration in Niger
A
v small amount from W African countries e.g. Nigeria, Benin, Ivory Coast = neighbouring countries, including a number of transit migrants fleeing conflict in nearby countries (e.g. 2017 Boko Haram attacks in Chad, transit migrants to the Mediterranean Sea), temporary influx of male population
5
Q
Internal Migration in Niger
A
people are often forced to move due to natural disasters, though usually to other rural areas. Urbanisation rate = 16.23% in 2009 → 16.66% in 2020
6
Q
Population issues + challenges in Niger
A
- High dependency ratio:
o Median age in 2019= 15.8 (comp to 48.4 in JP, 38.4 in China)
o 110 dependents for every 100 working age person
o ↑ need for education + healthcare for young pop. + X enough jobs to support ↑ing pop
o Transitional migrants → unstable job market
o high number of refugees → tax money spent supporting them rather than permanent population - Rapid growth in pop → ↑ food insecurity
o 2 million Nigeriens= food insecure (Jun-Aug 2020)
o 10.3% of under 5 y/os = acutely malnourished
o Common drought + displacement → ↑ pressure on agricultural sector
o Desertification + intensive agriculture → degrading environment - ↑ demands on the environment
o Niger loses 100,000 hectares of arable land /year through poor farming practices
o Niger faces similar challenges to many LEDCs, but the Sahelian region struggles with the additional environmental problems.
7
Q
Strategies in response to population issues in Niger
A
- ↓ing child marriage + ↑ing women/girls’ education
o UN Sustainable Development Goal=ending child marriage → ↓ time for women/girls to give birth
o ↑ing education → ↑ awareness of contraception/birth control measures + ↑ agency in their choices
o ‘Husband School’ → educating men on family planning
o 12 million girls are married every year before they turn 18 globally - Government family planning policy
o Niger govt. committed to family planning 2030 + pledged to ↑ their economic contribution
↑ health spending to fund maternal + child health care
Train people to teach reproductive health issues
↑ contraception distribution
↑ support for reproductive health education
↑ legal age of marriage to 18
↑ female literacy
8
Q
Effectiveness of strategies to respond to key population issues in Niger
A
- FP2020 goal: 12% contraceptive use 2012 → 25% 2015 → 50% 2020 // actual figures: 17% 2020
- Contraceptive use prevented 230,000 unintended pregnancies + 930 maternal deaths
- Next target: 27% by 2024 // actual figure: 16% 2024, 12% using modern contraceptive, 83% using no contraceptives at all
- 2012: 28% of children completed primary school // 2020: 35%
- 1973: 11% went to school → 2017: 66% → 2023: 58%
9
Q
Use of geospatial technology in Niger
A
- Using drone technology to monitor the distribution of displaced people in the Diffa region.
o Monitoring people movement in the Diffa region with refugee camps, infrastructure supporting them, water sources, flood risk, spread of water-borne disease (Malaria, Cholera), sanitation facilities all compiled on maps
o Strength: able toa accurately monitor regions where people are at risk in large scale, remote areas
o Weakness: can collect data but not necessarily do anything with it (can’t stop the flooding)
o Opportunities: when working with other groups can compile maps + strengthen data, improvement of technology
o Threats: expensive, ongoing conflicts make it difficult to operate drones
o Effectiveness: ↑ number of people working + developing tech → ↑ data
X entirely successful as Niamey floods in 2020 but has allowed mapping of villages like in the Diffa region
10
Q
Germany Population characteristics
A
- 2024 Population:84.5 million
- TFR: 1.6
- LE: 82 (total), 79.21 (M), 83.8 (F)
- IMR: 2.08/1000/y
- HDI: 9/193
- BR: 9.3/1000/y
- DR: 12.7/1000/y
- 2nd most populous country in Europe
- Hyper ageing population
- Pop density: 240 /sq km
- 76.4% live in urban areas
- 13% of population born overseas
- 2nd most popular destination for immigrants (after USA)
- 99% literacy rate
11
Q
Factors responsible for Germany’s rising LE
A
o ↑ govt. spending on healthcare
o Statutory minimum wage
o Education
o Lack of poverty
o Community engagement
o Housing improvements
o ↓ air pollution
12
Q
Key issues + challenges
A
Issues:
* Declining population
* Old age dependency ration
* Decreasing work force
Challenges:
* Social welfare system challenge in paying pensions
* Need for more spending on medical care
* Businesses impacted
* Uneven distribution of ageing population (East = larger ↓ of pop)
13
Q
Population movement in Germany
A
- People w migrant backgrounds are expected to grow from 26% of the population in 2020 to 35% in 2040
- 55% for migrants are males
- 39% of migrants are aged 25-40 compared to 19% of the total German population
- 500,000 migrants per year would need to arrive in Germany to sustain the workforce size
- Refugees primarily come from Syria and have offered short term assistance in the alleviation of issues
- The government has put in place schemes to encourage migration from India and Indonesia to Germany to work in IT/ Health, but these haven’t been very successful.
14
Q
Germany Local Response to ageing population
A
- BMW was concerned with potential declines in productivity with predictions of average age surrounding their workplace expected to rise from 39 (2007) to 47 (2017) so they worked with older employees to develop a framework for change across 5 areas: health management, skills, workplace environment, retirement policies and change processes → 70 changes were made
o Wooden flooring with weight adapted footwear to ↓ joint strain
o Vertically adjustable tables to ↓ back strain
o Adapted chairs to enable work while sitting
o Larger type interface for poor eyesight
o 2 hour rotation cycle of jobs → ↑ concentration + ↓ decrease strain on any one part of the work body - Total cost of these measures was only $64,000
- → 7% ↑ in productivity, same as the lines staffed by younger workers
- → ↓ absenteeism due to illness from 7% to 2%
15
Q
National Reponse to Germany’s ageing population: Migration
A
- Open door migration policy: people with migrant backgrounds are expected to increase from 26% (2020) to 35% (2040)
o 2019 Skilled Immigration Act expanded the availability of work visas to workers outside EU
o 55% of migrants are male
o 39% of migrants are 25-40, 19% of Ger population in same age bracket
o H/W while this helps in the short term, Germany would need to have net migration 500,000 every year to maintain its workforce (261 million migrants in next 90 years
o Many migrants come from within the EU (Bulgaria and Poland), and refugees primarily come from Syria, and language barrier has become an issue with these workers
o There are schemes in place to attract workers from countries like India and Indonesia in IT and health fields, but have not met targets
o National Integration Plan introduced to decrease cultural and social issues regarding migration in Germany and attract more migrants.
