population dynamics

Question 1

what methods are there to determine population size

Answer 1

quadrant (can use indirect evidence like scat, hair, etc)
transect (good for water populations)

mark and recapture - this is an estimate
N = (#originally marked)(individuals in recapture)/ (marked individuals in recapture)

Question 1

what are the distribution patterns

Answer 1

clumped: around a ressource
random: when food is abundant (no competition)
uniform: food is scare, individuals are protective of their territory

Question 2

fecundity?

Answer 2

birth rate (how many/litter reach age of maturity)

Question 2

what are the types of populations

Answer 2

Type 1 (K strategists): few offspring but high survival (all resources into that one offspring, low fluctuation)
Type 2: steady decline/death rate
Type 3 (R strategists): lots of offspring but low survivial (live close to biotic potential, high fluctuation)

Question 3

biotic potential

Answer 3

highest possible growth rate for a pop (in ideal conditions) - exponential growth

Question 4

density independent vs dependant limiting factors

Answer 4

independant:
ex. light (plants), natural disasters, etc)

dependant: bigger pop size (more competition)
- intraspecific: within pop for ressources
- interspecific: between other species for same resources
= exclusion principle: 2 species with the same ecological niche cannot coexist forever

Question 5

types of symbiosis

Answer 5

+/- predator/prey, parasitism
+/o commensalism
+/+ mutualism (inter/intraspecific)
-/- competition (inter/intra)

Question 6

weaponry and defense mechanisms

Answer 6

teeth claws, beaks, poisons, toxins, ec.
camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry

Question 7

how much energy is lost through each trophic level

Answer 7

80-90%
ex. 1000 Kcal, 100 Kcal, 10 Kcal, 1 Kcal

Question 8

what are the trophic levels

Answer 8

carnivore
carnivore/omnivores
herbivores/omnivores
producers

Question 9

what is biomass

Answer 9

kg/dry weight energy [Kcal/kj}

Question 10

bioaccumulation?

Answer 10

mercury accumulates thru trophic levels: poisons you (important to not eat too many top predators)

Question 11

Ecologicl vs crude density

Answer 11

Crude: overall density
Ecological: density of area a pop uses

Question 12

What is lambda?

Answer 12

Geometrical growth rate/population growth

N(1)/N(0)
(as percent x100)

Question 13

deltaN/N(0)

Answer 13

Intrinsic growth rate (r)

Percentage change (X100 as a percent)

Question 14

What is delta N

Answer 14

Growth (births - deaths) excluding immigration /emigration

Question 15

0.69/r

Answer 15

Doubling time

Question 16

N(0) x lamda^t =N(t)

Answer 16

Pop size it t number of years

Question 17

rN

Answer 17

Amount more of individuals

Question 18

rN x (k - N/N)

Answer 18

Realistic growth (k = carrying capacity)

Question 19

Community vs ecosystem

Answer 19

Community: sum of all biotic factors

Ecosystem: the relationship between biotic factors

Question 20

Inter vs intra competition

Answer 20

Inter : between species
Intra: within a population for resources