cellular respiration

Question 1

laws of thermodynamics?

Answer 1

1. energy is never created or destroyed, only transformed
2. with each transformation some energy is lost (to your system) as heat

Question 2

how to make ATP

Answer 2

• substrate level phosphorylation: ADP + Pi
• chemiosmosis (PMF): proton gradient created using ETC

Question 3

Aerobic respiration vs anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

Aerobic: catabolic pathways that require oxygen (kinda glycolysis, pyruvate oxydation, krebs cycle, chemiosmosis)

Anaerobic: an inorganic molecule other than o2
is used as the final electron acceptor
- lactate and ethanol fermentation?

Question 4

why does cell resp create 36 OR 38 ATP?

Answer 4

FADH

Question 5

explain what happens during gycolysis?

Answer 5

splitting glucose in cytoplasm

glucose –(invest 2 ATP) - fructose 1,6 bisphosphate - 2 G3P (oxidation: + Pi, - NADH) (ATP) - 3 PEP - (ATP) 2 pyruvate

products: 2 net ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Question 6

pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 6

transforms pyruvate [3C] into acetyl-CoA [2C] producing 1CO2 and 1NADH per pyruvate

Question 7

krebs cycle?

Answer 7

acetyl coA [2C] binds with OAA [4C] becomes citrate [6C] - eventually becomes oxaloacetic acid (OAA) again

Question 8

how is ATP production regulated?

Answer 8

PFK (phosofructokinase) -
NAHH dehydrogenase -

Question 9

related pathways?

Answer 9

you can get energy from other sources (not just glucose) since other molecules can join along the way. for example fatty acids and amino acids can isomerize into certain molecules along the pathways (ex. pyruvate)

Question 10

what is PMF

Answer 10

proton motive force across the mitochondria inner matrix

Question 11

what are the total outputs in each step of cell resp

Answer 11

glycolysis: 2ATP, 2 NADH (but they can become FADH if they go through the glycerol phosphate shuttle) [6/4 ATP in etc]

pyruvate oxidation: 1 NADH, 1 CO2

krebs: 2 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, CO2 and H2O [x2 per pyruvate]

ETC: 28 ATP (24 from NADH, 4 from FADH)

TOTAL: 36/38 ATP

Question 12

what is fermentation (why is helpful, and what are the types)

Answer 12

fermentation is an form of anaerobic respiration when there is no o2 avaliable to be the final electron acceptor. this allows NAD+ to be regenerated for another round of glycolysis to generate 2 ATP.

Lacate fermentation: H from NADH binds to pyruvate making lactic acid/lactate (in humans)

Ethanol fermentation: pyruvate loses a CO2 and H from NADH binds to make ethanol

Question 13

what complexs make up the electron transport chain?

Answer 13

NADH dehydrogenase
ubiquinone
bc complex
cytochrome c
cytochrome c oxidase

Question 14

explain glycolysis
[use diagram]

Question 15

explain krebs
[use diagram]

Question 16

explain ETC

Question 17

what is entropy

Answer 17

disorder; energy is needed to decrease entropy

Question 18

catabolic vs anabolic reactions

Answer 18

catabolic:
- breaking things down, system loses energy
-negative deltaG
- exergonic

anabolic
- building things up (uses energy)
- positive delta G
- system gains energy
- endergonic

Question 19

Net production from each glucose molecule

Answer 19

Glycolysis: 2 net ATP
Pyruvate oxidation: 2CO2
Krebs: 4co2, 6NADH, 2FADH, 2 ATP