biochemistry Flashcards
What are the 4 functional groups and what do they do?
OH (hydroxyl) - in carbohydrates and alcohols
COOH (carboxyl) - fatty acid/and in amino acids
NH3 - amino group
PO4 (phosphate) - in nucelic acids
What is a condensation reaction?
When organic molecules are bonded and water is a byproduct (water in released during the reaction) also known as dehydration
(to undo hydrolysis/add water)
What are the different proteins structures?
Primary - sequence of AAA
Secondary - some repel some attract (alpha helix and beta pleat)
Tertiary- 3D arrangement of secondary structure (cuz of bonds)
Quaternary - 2+ polypeptides combined (may or may not happen)
Types of covalent bonds (2)
Non polar: sharing electrons evenly - hydrophobic/lipophillic
Polar: sharing elections unevenly (overall charge) - hydrophilic/lipophopic
Life is _________ based
Carbon
What is “the ability to take away e from other atoms?
Electronegitivity
Uses of carbohydrates (and some sources?)
Uses: energy, plant cell walls, exoskeleton of insects, etc.
Sources: bread, grains, potatoes, sugars, cellulose, etc.
Uses of proteins? (7)
Structure (nails, collagen, bones, hair)
Muscle (movement)
Transport of o2 (hemoglobin)
Hormones
enzymes
Cell communication
Antibodies
Differences and similarities between cellulose and starch?
Both are polysaccharides
Cellulose:
- energy storage in plants
- beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-monosaccharides flip each time (cuz of shape)
Starch:
- energy storage in animals
- alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
saturated fats vs unsaturated fats (cis vs trans)
saturated: all carbons are connected by single bonds (very dense - you can stack them together/solid at room temp)
unsaturated (essential for humans): contain at least 1 double bond between carbons (liquid at room temp)
- cis : both hydrogen atoms located on the same side of double bond
- trans fatty acids have the two hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of double bond
denaturation of h bonds (explain)
heat or extreme cold can break h-bonds which alters the structure of the protein/enzyme/etc. the proper function may not be achieved if this is the case
(denaturation can also be caused by bases, acids or lots of salt)
enzymes (structure, function)
enzymes are organic catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions. a substrate is anything an enzyme works on and therefore they have a shape the is specific to their substrate (induced fit)
allosteric site: on/off switch
active site
how are enzymes regulated (4)
competitive inhibition: compete for active site (other substrate with similar shape, high concentration)
non comp inhibition: does not invovle the active site
- allosteric: allosteric site (shape change)
- feedback; high levels of product has backward effect (inhibits enzyme that catalysts the first or one of the first reactions in a series)
enzyme optimum is based on two factors?
pH (ex. pepsin has pH optimum 1-2)
temperature (so that enzyme has right shape)
what is a phospholipid?
glycerol + Pi (& R group) + 2 fatty acids
hydrophilic end: glycerol + Pi (& R group: variable attachement)
hydrophobic end: fatty acids
- make up cell membrane
what are the names of the bonds in carbohydrates, lipids and between AA in a protein?
carbohydrates: gylcosidic bonds
lipids: ester bonds (between fatty acid and glycerol)
proteins: peptide bonds
triglyceride?
three fatty acids bond (thru condensation reactions) to a glycerol
shape of all the macromolecules?
carbohydrates:
- monosaccharides: 1 carbon based ring
- disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides
bonded by a condensation reaction
- polysaccharides: many monosaccharides bonded (thousands)
lipids: triglyceride - glycerol bonded to three fatty acids (long chains)
proteins: amino acids covalently bonded to form polypeptides
where does energy come from in lipids (why are they so energy rich)
they have many h-c bonds (hydrocarbons)
why are lipids important?
insulation
cell membrane (phospholipids)
cushioning (ex. kidney, butt)
sebum
energy storage
hormones (steroids: estrogen + testosterone)
cholesterol: keeps cell membrane at right fluidity
amino acids?
monomer for proteins
20 common ones (8.5 are essential)
non polar/polar (therefore they repel/attract)
amino group - NH3 + R group - variable attachement + COOH - carboxyl
enzyme naming?
suffix - ASE
prefix - what it works on
(ex. lactase)
cofactors vs coenzymes
cofactors: inorganic activators/inhibitors (minerals)
coenzymes: organic activators/inhibitors (carbon based - ex. vitamin c)
label cell diagrams and explain the functions of the organelles
cell membrane
+ diagram
semi permeable, cell communication, phospholipid bilayer, small nonpolar diffuse across
carrier, protein attachments, phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails), peripheral protein, cholesterol (fluidity), transmembrane protein
types of passive transport
diffusion: along concentration gradient
osmosis: diffusion of H2O
facilitated diffusion: diffusion of larger molecules across cell membrane with the help of proteins
- carrier proteins: larger molecules: glucose, AA
- channel proteins: ions of small polar molecules
what is active transport
transport AGAINST a concentration gradient… ATP is needed
Bulk transport
- Endo/exocytosis (often receptor mediated)
- for endocytosis pinonvs phago
Co transport
what happens to animal vs plant cells in different solutions
Animals
HYPERTONIC: cells will shrivel (crenation)
ISOTONIC: no change
HYPOTONIC: cells will swell and even burst - lysis
Plants
HYPERTONIC: central vacuole shrinks, cell becomes flaccid (plasmolysis)
ISOTONIC: slightly flaccid
HYPOTONIC: deplasmolysis: when cell becomes turgid and vacuole presses against cell wall)
water potential?
amount of water/concentration of water
(highest bar psi = 0)
dipol?
ends have diff charges
eg. H2O
= cohesion (ends stick together)/ adhesion (push away from each other)
happens cuz of H bonds
What factors can influence the fluidity of the cell membrane
-Temperature
-Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids
-Tail length (longer = more intermolecular forces = less fluid/permeable)
-Cholesterol
Vesicles is animals vs plant
Membrane enclosed sac (often pinched off other organelles) used for transport and storage
Animals have many little vesicules
Plants have one large vacuole
Endomembrane system
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: ribosomes produce polypeptides
Vesicules from smoot ER travel/bring polypeptides to Golgi apparatus where some are stored and some are processed further
Vesicules pinch off from the golgi appartus to the cell membrane or other destinations
What do lysosomes and peroxisomes do?
Lysosomes: contain enzymes to catalyze hydrolysis (break down molecules)
*enzymes have a pH optimum of 5 so they are less likely to start breaking down the contents of the cytoplasm (pH 7.5)
Peroxisomes: catalyze retox reactions (break down fatty acids and hydrogo peroxide)
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?
System of channels and sacs composed of membranes enclosing a lumen: rough and smooth
- smooth: synthesizes lipids such as phosolipids
-rough: protein synthesis by the ribosomes then ER assembles them for transport
