Population development key terminology Flashcards
What is population distribution?
The way people are spread out across a certain area.
What is population density?
The number of people living in a specific area, usually per square kilometer.
What does sparsely populated mean?
Areas with very few people living in them.
What is the core-periphery concept?
A concept where the core areas are economically developed and wealthy, while the periphery areas are less developed and poorer.
What defines a low/middle/high-income country?
A country with a low/moderate//high standard of living and low/moderate//high average incomes.
What are BRICS nations?
A group of emerging economies—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—known for their fast growth and influence.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
A measure of a country’s development based on life expectancy, education, and income levels.
What is Gross National Income (GNI) per capita?
The average income earned per person in a country, calculated by dividing the total income (GNI) by the population.
What is the Gender Inequality Index?
A measure of the inequality between men and women in areas like health, education, and political representation.
What is a megacity?
A city with a population of over 10 million people.
What is internal migration?
When people move from one part of a country to another.
What is forced migration?
When people are made to leave their home due to war, natural disasters, or persecution.
What is a push/pull factor?
A reason why people leave a place, like poverty or conflict.
A reason why people move to a place, like better jobs or safety.
What is the demographic transition model?
A model that shows how birth and death rates change as a country develops.
What is a population pyramid?
A graph that shows the age and gender breakdown of a population.
What is the mortality rate?
The average number of deaths during a year per 1000 of the population.
What is the total fertility rate?
The average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age.
What is the crude birth rate?
The number of births per 1,000 people in a population per year.
What is the crude death rate?
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.
What is life expectancy?
The average number of years a person is expected to live.
What is the infant mortality rate?
The number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births.
What is natural increase?
The difference between birth rates and death rates in a population.
What is an ageing population?
When a large part of the population is elderly, often due to low birth rates and high life expectancy.
What is a youthful population?
When a large part of the population is young, usually due to high birth rates.
What is the dependency ratio?
The number of people who depend on the working-age population, like children and the elderly.
What is a pro-natalist policy?
A policy that encourages people to have more children.
What is an anti-natalist policy?
A policy that aims to reduce the number of births in a population.
What is gender equality?
When men and women have the same rights and opportunities in all areas of life.
What is human trafficking?
The illegal trade of people for exploitation, such as forced labor or prostitution.
Ways to measure development
GDP per capita - measures average income earned by a person in a given area in a specified year.
HDI (Human Development Index) - based on health, wealth and education with a number score between 0 and 1.
The happiness index - calculated world happiness by asking people to rate their own current life from 0 to 10
Gender equality index - measures gender equality such as reproductive health, labour force participation and empowerment
Strengths and weaknesses of the happiness index
Strengths:
Can make others aware of what others are feeling
Can result in improvement
Weaknesses:
Might sometimes feel as accurate as trying to forecast weather with a broken umbrella
Ordinal scale (1-5) won’t be accurate
Strengths and weaknesses of GDP per capita
Strengths:
Gives us an idea of how much income is available to each individual meaning we can see wealth inequality
Weaknesses:
Inability to account for inflation, income disparity, poverty, wealth or savings.
Strengths and weaknesses of HDI (Human development index)
Strengths:
The three ingredients (health, wealth and education) are widely accepted as valid by all governments
Weaknesses:
HDI hard to be accurate due to conflicts displacing people such as in Syria
Health not taken in as much consideration as a system like HALE
Strengths and weaknesses of the gender equality index
Strengths:
Reveals gender gaps
Weaknesses:
Collecting reliable data may be difficulty since there are lots of women who work in the informal sector
Cultures which don’t support equal rights for women don’t support this measure e.g. Taliban have burned down girls schools in Pakistan
Core vs semi-periphery vs periphery
Core - economic and political decision making
Semi-periphery - assembly of manufactured goods
Periphery - source of raw materials, dependent on foreign investment and technology
Urbanisation
The increase in the proportion of people living in built environments such as towns or cities
Types of migration
Temporary
Permanent
Internal
International
Rural-urban
Urban-rural
Seasonal
Forced
Standard of living
refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or geographic area.
Quality of life
Is the measure of the health and happiness of the population
What is the demographic dividend?
Refers to the growth in an economy that is the result of a change in the age structure of a country’s population. The change in age structure is typically brought on by a decline in fertility and mortality rates.
What is the population structure of India and ho wit has changed overtime
- One of the youngest pop, with average age of 28
- Since 2018, the working population has grown faster than the dependent pop lasting until 2050
- Result in a decrease in total fertility rate, following stabilisation of life expectancy
- India has a five decade window of demographic dividend opportunity (2005-2055) which is longer than other countries
- This is dependent of the state, in less developed ones it is yet to start
What investments are being made to realise demographic dividend in India
- Building Human Capital, investing in Healthcare/education/Jobs/skills
- National skill Development corporation: was set up to increase skill of 500 million by 2022
- Improving education as 41% are under the age of 20 e.g(Higher education, Finance agency)
- National Health protection scheme improve healthcare increasing labour productivity
- Improvement of India’s ranking in world banks(Ease of doing business index) and programmes (Start up India or Make in India) will increase jobs
- SMART city and AMRUT: allow Rural to Urban migrants to have access to basic needs
What are the challenges that India faces with economic dividend
- Asymmetric demography: The increase in working ages is in poor areas making it harder to utilise them
- Lack of skills: due to low Human capital base new jobs require high skills
- Low HDI: India ranks 130th out of 199 countries
- Informal nature of India’s economy: There are lower tax returns meaning they cant reap the benefits due to low budget
- Jobless growth: De-industrialisation/globalisation, India’s labour force participation rate ages 15-59 is 53% meaning almost half are unemployed
Advantages of demographic dividend in India
- Increased labour force boosting productivity (65% of pop in labour force)
- 15% overall growth in economy
- Rise in middle class society
- Rapid de-industrialisation and urbanisation
- More fiscal resources diverted from children to physical and human
- More Women in workforce meaning niche jobs are employed
Organ Trafficking case study intro
- In most countries it is illegal to sell your organs.
- If a person needs a new organ they have to rely on organ donation programs.
- Most organs are donated after the death of the donor. It is rare for people to be living donors, especially to people unknown to them.
- There is a shortage of organs available (e.g. kidneys, livers etc) meaning that people have to go on waiting lists to receive a donor organ. Many people die before they receive a donation.
- This creates a demand for organs on the black market and trafficked organs represent 10% of all global transplants.
- Kidneys are the most sought after organ, especially due to the rise of health problems in HICs such as type 2 diabetes.
- A kidney is worth $100,000-200,000 on the black market.
- Brokers target areas of extreme poverty and encourage desperate people to sell their organs to them. War zones/ areas hit by natural disasters are major target areas. For example, many Syrians fleeing civil war have sold a kidney to pay people smugglers.
Management strategies for organ trafficking: country + pros / cons
Iran:
In Iran, to combat the problem of organs being trafficked illegally, it is now legal for people to sell their organs directly to hospitals.
Strengths:
Iran now has no black market or waiting lists for kidneys.
Weaknesses:
- It incentivises people to do bodily harm to themselves.
- It could be considered state sponsored exploitation of poor people.
In many other countries e.g. the UK:
In order to try to meet the demand in most other countries, governments encourage more people to become donors. This has been achieved by changing organ donation systems to opt-out rather than opt-in systems. People are also encouraged to tell their families that they want to be organ donors in the event of their death.
Strengths:
Opt-out systems increase the number of potential donors, shortening waiting lists.
Weaknesses:
The next of kin can still opt out on a person’s behalf after death.
Child labour on cocoa farms in west Africa case study intro
- 70% of the world’s cocoa supply comes from two countries in west Africa; Ghana and the Ivory Coast.
- Most of the cocoa is produced on small scale, family run farms.
- Cocoa prices fluctuate on the world market and this often results in farmers being able to earn a living wage.
- As a result, cocoa farming is rife with forced labour, including child labour.
- Risks for children include being unable to attend school, being exposed to hazardous chemicals and carrying out dangerous work e.g. carrying heavy loads/using sharp tools.
Management strategies to address issues with child labour in the cocoa supply chain:
Strategy + pros / cons
Fair trade:
The Fairtrade organisation is an organisation that makes sure workers from developing countries receive a decent wage.
Pros:
Gives farmers a better price
Farmers are trained in sustainable methods that are best for environment
No child labour used
The social premiums(profits) go towards paying for schools and healthcare
Cons:
Consumers pay more
Producers use some profits to make sure they are making fairtrade standards leading to less profit themselves
Fairtrade chocolate is sold by niche brands and don’t have a large consumer base
Fairtrade farms are only allowed to sell 1/3 of profit as fairtrade because of lack of demands
Global Agreements: The Harkin-Engel Protocol:
- The Harkin-Engel Protocol, also known as the Cocoa Protocol, was signed into law on September 19, 2001.
- This states that the governments of cocoa producing states must inspect and report child labour on cocoa plantations. It includes the involvement of the cocoa companies.
- However, it does not require cocoa companies to post ‘slave free chocolate’ on their products as was originally suggested. - - The requirements of this protocol have not yet been fulfilled; however, certain directives have received funding – for example:
- “The aim is to improve the livelihoods of cocoa growers by providing infrastructure, farmers organisations and educational facilities in cocoa producing communities”.
Gender equality: Sweden intro
Sweden has a low score on the gender equality index (0.815), meaning that it is a gender equal society. It ranks in 6th place worldwide.
How are they trying to improve gender equality in sweden
- “Parental insurance” enabled parents to take six months off work per child, with each parent entitled to half of the days.
- Childcare is guaranteed to all parents and the aim is that nursery school should be affordable for all.
- Gender discrimination in the workplace has been illegal since 1980 in Sweden.
- Sweden is striving for equal pay for equal work. The Discrimination Act (2009) states that employers and employees should work actively to even out the pay gap between the sexes.
- In 2016 to 90 days of paid leave was introduced for fathers.
Negatives (proof work still needs to be done) in Sweden for gender equality
- Significant pay gap remains – one of the challenges on the Swedish gender equality agenda. In 2022, women’s average monthly salaries in Sweden were 90.1 per cent of men’s.
- When women have children, they tend to work part-time more often than men, which makes for a less positive career and wage development, as well as a lesser pension.
- Today, fathers in Sweden take around 30 percent of the total number of days available to the parents.
- Swedens business sector is male dominated with only 10% of companies listed in stock exchange having female chairman
- 6.3% of women(15-49) reported physical/sexual violence by partners in last 12 months
- Women spend 16% of their time on unpaid care/ domestic work compared to 12.6% done by men
Evidence that gender equality is working in sweden
- 53% of swedens state-owned companies have women as there CEO
- In 2022 election 46% in parliament were women and 11/23 minsters were women
- 86.7% of women in reproductive age had their family panning needs met
- 100% of legal frameworks promote/ enforce gender equality under SDG indicator
Gender equality in Rwanda intro
- Rwanda is the only country grouped as “Low Human Development” by the United Nations which has also been grouped among the most equal group of countries for gender equality.
- It ranks no 7 in the Gender Empowerment Index
- Rwanda has had a difficult history, including a genocide in the 1990s.
Evidence of gender equality in Rwanda
- Has a higher proportion of girls enrolled in education than boys (97% compared to 95%).
- Rwanda tops the global league tables for the percentage of female parliamentarians. Fewer than 22% of MPs worldwide are women; in Rwanda, almost 64% are.
- Women have also outnumbered men as primary school teachers.
How are they trying to help gender equality in Rwanda
- Laws have changed meaning women have the right to inherit land, created laws where assets are shared in marriage and obtain credit
- Due to increased education maternal mortality and birth rate is lower
- One stop centres are created to get rid of gender violence
- Avenga set up in 1995 helped grieving women from cooperatives as well as providing financial and psychological support.
- Church convinces husbands to stop (tearfund) raising awareness
Evidence in Rwanda that gender equality is not happening
- Gender based violence still a real problem 57% of women have experienced domestic violence and 32% say they have been raped by their husbands.
- Women are still the poorest people in society, meaning they cant afford secondary education for their kids.
- Still a lack of police investigations into rape and sexual assault. But are also often sidelined
- 375000 women were raped in the genocide
- Despite the high amount of women in Parliament women in poverty dont feel a difference
Why does japan need to increase its birth rate
- There are low fertility rates (1.36 children per woman)
- Need more economically active people for the future to help the country’s growth and economy
- The population is shrinking
Why does Japan have such low fertility rates:
- Women wish to pursue further education and careers before having children. This means couples will have fewer children due to a reduced fertility window.
- Women are expected to work as well as being the main provider of child care. This lack of gender equality is discouraging women from having multiple children or any children at all..
- Japan has a culture of hard work and long hours in the workplace, this leaves less time for raising children.
- In Japan there is a cultural preference for having only one child.
How is Japan attempting to promote a pronatalist policy?
- Financial Incentives: Japan offers various financial benefits to families with children, including child allowances, tax breaks, and subsidies for child care and education.
- 8 Weeks paid leave from work.
- Shorter Working hours.
- A maximum of 24 hours overtime a month.
- Shops offer discounts to larger families.
- Child allowance.
- Robot babies for couples who want to practice
Is Japans pronatalist policy working?
- Despite government efforts and various incentives put in place the scheme was not a success. This is because the fertility rate only rose by 0.14% from 2005 to 2013.
- Further, the Standard of living for recurrent parents or people who were planning on having kids has increased
- Yet it is not all bad it could have been worst and could have gone even more downhill
what is a pronatalist and antinatalist policy
A policy which aims to increase the birth rates of an area/country
An anti-natalist policy is when the government of a nation, creates a policy to lower the birthrate of the country.
What was China’s one child policy
Antinatalist policy(1979-2015) only allowing couples to have one child
With exception to farmers in the countryside where sometimes 2 kids were allowed if your first one was a girl
How did China’s One-child Policy work
Families were required to sign up to the one child certificate – meaning they were agreeing to have
only one child. If they did this, they received benefits.
● Contraception, family planning advice and abortions were provided for free to make it easy for couples to limit family size.
● The Chinese government used a “carrot and stick approach” to get people to comply with the
policy. This means they gave rewards for people who followed the policy (the carrot) and
punishments for those who refused (the stick).
Incentives (REWARDS) given for following the policy
● Cash payments
● Free healthcare and education for child
● Preferential (better) access to jobs
Disincentives (PUNISHMENTS) for disobeying the policy –
● Fines – can be large of up to 10-20% of annual salary.
● Job loss
● Nanny police – these were older female members of the communist party who reported people
who broke the rules of the government
● Rice rations – when food handouts were given in rural areas during times of shortages the
the government didn’t give extra rice rations to those with more children.
What have been the consequences of the one child policy in China
The birth rate in China has fallen.
● 300-400 million births prevented.
● Parents able to concentrate resources on fewer children. However, there are many negative impacts of the policy:
● Against human rights
● Gender issues:
● Due to a traditional preference for boys, large numbers of female babies have ended up homeless or in orphanages, and, in some cases, killed. In 2000, it was reported that 90 percent of foetuses aborted in China were female.
● Today it is thought that men outnumber women by more than 60 million (has led to forced marriages).
● Future ageing population – China’s government is worried that the population will age before it
gets rich.
Factors leading to a youthful population in Gambia
Larger families are seen as a sign of security, for example, many people still live in rural areas and rely on farming for income. More hands-on and lead to a bigger agricultural output.
The sigma and cost of contraception linked to the religious background (95% being Muslim)
1 in 10 children in Gambia dies in infancy which means families have more children to compensate.
Few people reach into elderly age range
Families rely on kids for income(1/3 between 10-14 work)
Problems with young dependent population gambia
Children have to to school in shifts with 3000 students and 26 classrooms
Fertility rate of 5.3
Lack of sanitation and overcrowded
deforestation and in 50 years all forest will be gone
1/3 lack access to safe drinking water, 1/2 suffers from poor sanitation
Solutions to youthful population
Contraception(awareness campaigning and ads and in pharmacies)
Social marketing
Family planning
Encouraging spacing children to let the body recover and focus on that child
Improving infant healthcare
Government campaign to educate women. Girls can go to school with the mothers
Reasons for aging population in Japan
- Later marriages
- Increase in childless couples
- Cultural preference for 1 child
- Women pursuing careers
- Working environment is not very supportive of families e.g. lack of flexible working.
- More insecure employment means people have fewer children as they can’t rely on a regular/high income.
- Japan also has fewer people in the fertile age group, meaning there will be fewer births overall.
- Fertility rate has fallen from 2.1 in the 1970s to 1.36 today.
- One of the lowest birth rates in the world.
- Increasing life expectancy (longest female life expectancy in the world - 86 yrs)
Long life expectancy in Japan is due to
Older people stay active
Healthy diet - e.g., fresh vegetables/low meat
Good mindset/mental health
Low birth rates also contribute to an ageing population structure as there are fewer young people being added to the population. 29% of Japan’s population are over 65.
Impacts of an aging population in Japan
- Lower potential workforce.
- Lower output
- Reduced tax revenue
- Need for Immigration. However, the Japanese do not favour high rates of immigration and it can also be difficult for migrants to assimilate due to a difficult language to learn etc.
- Higher costs for government paying pensions
- Young people may have to care for elderly relatives which can be difficult and time-consuming.
- Many elderly people in Japan cannot afford to retire and so have to go on working well into their 70s.
- Many elderly people live below the poverty line and there has been increasing homelessness among the elderly.
- If older people lack a support network, they can become depressed. 1/3 of Japan’s suicides are from the over 65 population.
Solutions to aging population in Japan
- Reforms - increasing child benefits, providing tax allowances for families, making childcare more accessible
- Encourage immigration
- The Government has introduced new laws like the ‘Child Care’ and ‘Family Care Leave’ Laws. In which parents can receive:
-8 Weeks paid leave from work
-Shorter Working hours
-A maximum of 24 hours overtime a month
-Economic Incentives e.g. Yamatsuri, a town of 7,000 just north of Tokyo, offers parents $4,600 for the birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years.
-Businesses have been urged to give their
Increase birth rates to improve the population balance (but social attitudes and trends difficult to change) - Offer part time jobs for elderly population (less demanding)
- Increase retirement age so they can contribute to economy
- Robotic care assistants have been suggested - for example Japan has developed robot nurses that are capable of carrying and bathing elderly people (but obvious issues with this as a strategy e.g., technology can malfunction/elderly people benefit from social contact with real people).
Causes of Forced migration Syria
Syria is located in western Asia in the middle east
Cause of crisis:
- In response to the government the free Syrian army was created
- The conflict began as a forceful crackdown on a peaceful student protest against the Syrian government(March 15, 2015) then escalating
Cause of refugee crisis:
- Outside parties joined with airstrikes(2015), as ISIS declared it a islamic state
- Assaults on civilian areas by armed forces causing 14 million to flee
PUSH factors for the forced migration syria
PUSH:
Syrians had no choice but to leave their homes because:
- bombings destroyed cities and cut off all communication
- human rights violations were prevalent
- Risk of death if they stayed behind - since 2011 nearly 500,000 people have been killed.
- the infrastructure is non-existent: health care, clean water and schooling are severely limited, housing is mostly destroyed and the economy is severely depleted
- children are used as human shields and forced to fight
- the frontline is continually changing and civilians are caught in the crossfire.
- Chemical weapons attacks by the government
- Concerns about being forced into living under a strict Islamic code due to the rise of Isis
- Schools closed
- Country in chaos
PULL factors for the forced migration syria
- Proximity of neighbouring countries – an easier escape over the border.
- Degree of shared language/culture with some of the neighbouring countries.
- Pull to European countries due to better living conditions, increased safety, better housing, more job opportunities, educational opportunities for children.
A mass migration syria
(Where did they all go?)
- 4 million refugees remained in Syria – displaced IDPs.
- 4.5 million fled to just 5 neighbouring countries – Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt
- Many Syrians fleeing terrible conditions in refugee camps, made dangerous journeys. - Often paying human traffickers large sums of money to help them reach a safer destination e.g., Europe.
- Italy and Greece were frequent landing sites for refugees, making dangerous journeys across the sea – boats unsuitable for the conditions and overfilled with migrants.
- Discussion in the European Union about resettling migrants to reduce pressure on Italy/Greece.
- Germany later agreed to take 1 million migrants.
- Sweden also took more Syrian refugees per capita than any other European country (approx.. 180,000).
- Other European countries refused to take migrants. Hungary, for example, built a wall to keep them out.
Impacts on the migrants and the source country (Syria)
Life in refugee camps:
- Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan is one of the largest refugee camps in the world.
- The camp first opened in 2012, less than 10 miles from the Syrian border, and today houses almost 80,000 Syrian refugees in rows of prefabricated shelters.
- In summer the shelters are incredibly hot and uncomfortable, the environment is dry and prone to dust storms.
- Water is in short supply and is rationed.
- The shelters do not have electricity.
Most children are unable to attend school.
Dangerous journeys across land and sea:
- Syria’s neighbours (Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey etc) struggled to cope with the massive influx of forced migrants (4.5 million people across 5 countries).
- Many Syrian refugees were forced to live in poor conditions in camps e.g., Zaatari camp in Jordan.
- Despite the best work of agencies such as the UN, these camps lack resources and children are not usually able to go to school. This prompts migrants to want to move to areas where the quality of life will be better e.g. Europe.
- Syrian migrants cannot apply for asylum in an EU country whilst they are outside of the EU and airlines will not allow migrants to board flights without a valid visa. This leads to migrants paying traffickers to help them reach Europe. This involves a dangerous journey across land or sea.
- Many migrant boats have sunk in the Mediterranean. Since 2014, more than 20,000 migrants and refugees have died at sea while trying to reach Europe
Impacts on host countries: Syria forced migration
- Sweden has taken the most syrian refugees per capita in europe
- Locals have concerns about the safety of their children/ bad influence
- Has accepted 160,000 syrian migrants but people say it has increased crime
- Sweden changed policy in 2016 to only 3 year permit as there is a housing crisis
- Turkey has more than half the syrian migrants abroad
- In lebanon there is a increasing clash between the two cultures as in some towns populations have doubled putting stress on resources
- Syrians are willing to work for less and live in communal housing meaning locals cant afford rising house prices but syrians can
- Children in school don’t get the same attention and often lebanese kids only get taught half days and the other syrians
-1 in 5 are refugees
What is causing forced migration in tuvalu
- Rising sea levels, it is a low lying island (Highest point 4.6m)
- Coastal erosion, land for farming disappears, and corla reefs are destroyed in the Funafuti atoll due to seawater acidification meaning fishing is lost
- Extreme weather events such as flooding become more frequent destroying settlements with more than 100 floods predicted until the end of the century
- Overpopulation(367 per km²) and rising due to land loss
- Due to more frequent floods the saltwater makes the soil saline mean local crops like pulaka and taro cant be grown
Tuvalu intro
- pop of 11,396
- Tuvalu is in the South Pacific, an island country in Polynesia situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia.
- Its 9 islands comprise small, thinly populated atolls and reef islands with palm-fringed beaches. The capital is Funafuti.
Push factors of migration in Tuvalu
- Salination of the soil is making it hard to grow crops on six of Tuvalu’s eight islands already.
- Groundwater is increasingly becoming undrinkable due to sea-water intrusion. Islanders are relying on rain water.
- Family burial plots are sinking into the ocean or being moved to higher ground.
- New houses are being built on 10-foot-tall stilts, something never before seen in the traditional architecture of the island groupings. (loss of culture due to flooding).
- Floods used to occur twice a year. Now it is every month. One of the smallest islands, called Tepuka Vili Vili, actually disappeared in 1997.
- 30% of children don’t transition to secondary school
- Cant grow palms which is one of their biggest exports
Pull factors of migration in Tuvalu
- The New Zealand government established an immigration program called the Pacific - –Access Category to help qualifying Tuvaluans start over in a safer environment.
- Higher quality life, Numerous career opportunities for Tuvaluan migrants in Australia/NZ.
- The healthcare system in Australia is known as one of the best in the world.
- Australia includes a fantastic education system and it has bagged 8th position in the worldwide rankings.
- The climate in Australia is pleasant with mild winters and warm summers and nice landscape.
- Australia is mainly made up of residents of all types of cultures and backgrounds.
- Australia is a friendly, green, low crime, beautiful country which offers a range of visa options, indiscriminately of country of origin.
The impacts of forced migration for the people of Tuvalu and tuvalu:
- In 2018 4653 tuvaluans migrated to NZ
- 4490 moved to away from tuvalu in 2023
- Loss of 200 million of there workforce by 2050
- Families separated due to fathers working abroad and loss of cultural identity cause ny next generation born in different country
- Pressure On Capital city of rural to Urban migration
The impacts of forced migration from tuvalu for host countries
- Only 50% of adult tuvaluans are employed in NZ
- Pressure on immigration systems in NZ who’s quotas have already been met
- Hard integration to urban life or skill set differences
- New cultures brought in
- Fiji as a island has limited resources and has to balance domestic climate change efforts with accommodating new populations(Services will be strained)
- Increase labour force and skill set brought in
China Location & development
Description of the population distribution pattern
- China is a country in East Asia.
- China is an upper middle income country and is a member of the BRICS (a group of emerging countries that have experienced strong economic growth and are becoming a more dominant force in the world economy).
- China has an unevenly distributed population.
- 94% of the population live in the east with just 6% in western China. For example areas such as Tibet and Inner Mongolia are very sparsely populated.
Physical reasons for the pattern of population distribution in China
The east:
- Eastern China has a long coastline. The coastal plains are flat and easy to build on and the coast provides opportunities for trade.
- The east receives sufficient rainfall to allow crop growth.
- Two of the world’s longest rivers (the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers) flow across the east, providing abundant fresh water and opportunities for river transport.
The west:
- Western China is sparsely populated due to high relief - the west contains mountain ranges such as the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. These areas are uninhabitable due to harsh weather conditions and steep land meaning it is difficult to build on.
-A large desert stretches from Mongolia into northern China. The Gobi Desert is a cold desert, dropping to lows of -40 C. The climate is harsh and very dry meaning there is little fresh water or fertile soil to grow crops.
Human reasons for the pattern of population distribution in China
- The East has more job opportunities (Beijing, Shanghai)
- The east has better infrastructure such as hospitals
- The east has better import/ Export connections
- Higher GDP per capita in Eastern China
- Industrial revolution, in 1952 83% employed in agriculture now 30%. With 20% in 1980 living in urban areas, now 80%
- Government policies e.g. special economic zones have tax incentives such as Shenzen”World factory”
Core-periphery patterns in China
Core cities: Beijing and Shanghai
Located south-east
High population density due to human and physical factors
Large ports
Mineral deposits
Significant in-migration
Periphery cities:
Located north and far from the coast
Poor accessibility
Poor and agriculture based
Significant out-migration
Megacities in China
Shanghai and Beijing
Influence of internal migration in China
China has experienced the world’s largest internal population movement
160 million migrants left rural areas to work in urban areas
Wages in urban areas were 40% higher than in rural areas
2000-2005 38 million people moved
Good for chinese economy and migrants
Bad for environmental
Good for Chinese economy and migrants increasing capacity
Location and development in South Africa
South Africa is located in southern Africa.
Upper MIC country.
Like China, it’s a member of the BRICS group
What is the population distribution pattern in South Africa?
South Africa has an uneven population distribution.
There is a high population concentration in urban areas. Most people (69% of the population) live in cities and urban regions, especially around Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, and Pretoria.
Rural areas, especially in the Northern Cape and central parts of the country, have low population density.
Coastal areas are generally more populated than inland regions, except for major urban centres.
Physical reasons for the pattern of population distribution in South Africa
The western area, including the Karoo and Kalahari Deserts, have a very low population density due to harsh living conditions.
There are higher population densities where there are abundant mineral resources e.g., gold and diamonds, for example in the Gauteng region.
Human reason for the pattern of population distribution in South Africa
There is good trading potential in the coastal cities of Durban and Cape Town, meaning these areas are densely populated.
The Gauteng region (including the cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria) is a core economic region, with the highest wealth and where there are the widest variety of job opportunities.
Many people migrate from rural to urban areas in search of jobs and better living conditions.
The impacts of forced segregation:
Between 1948-1994 the white National Party had political control of South Africa and set up the apartheid policy.
Under apartheid, over 4 million black people were forcibly removed from “white areas” and relocated to homelands.
Since the apartheid era many black people have migrated from the former homelands to large cities, in search of work. However, poverty forces many to live in substandard housing (slums) on the edge of cities or remain in the former homelands e.g. Soweto.
Where is Mumbai located, pop, %growth and natural increase
Mumbai is located on a peninsula on the Western coast of Maharashtra state in western India (Konkan coast), bordering the Arabian Sea.
21.8 million
1.77%
14.1 per 1000
Push factors (that push people away from rural parts of India)
- Education and health standards are much lower in rural areas.
- Jobs in agriculture have become harder to find due to natural hazards such as droughts. Young people see farming as hard work for little pay.
- Lack of investment
- Corrupt political systems
- Civil unrest
- Lack of entertainment
Pull factors (that pull people towards India’s urban areas like Mumbai)
- Educational opportunities with access to schools and universities.
- Improved healthcare providers with access to hospitals and dentists.
- Services such as water, electricity and sewage.
- Improved job prospects with higher wages and the opportunity to work in the public sector and for international agencies in public works.(centre of hindi movie bollywood industry)
- Entertainment and culture e.g. theatres
- High supply of resources e.g. jobs
Social positives of growth in mumbai
Healthcare and education
- Mumbai’s biggest public medical centre, Sion Hospital, has grown from 50 beds in 1950 to more than 1400 beds today. The hospital admits more than 60000 patients each year.
- Mumbai also has a world-renowned university along with other important education and research institutions.
- Education is better in Marastate (rural), 1000 primary/secondary schools, 89.7% rate in mumbai compared to the national average, which is 74.04 per cent
- Best transport systems in india 7.5 million take trains daily
- Most people in mumbai have access to electricity and water
- High supply of resources(e.g shops) high amount of jobs
Social negatives of growth in Mumbai
- Housing shortages and cant afford rent, 40% live in overcrowded areas(Squatter settlements) with no electricity, water or sewage and are developed illegally (21,000 per km² people)
-Water shortages and is rationed, standpipes go on for 2 hours at 5:30 am (communal) - Water pipes leak into sewage, kids play amongst sewage waste(4000 cases of typhoid an diarrhoea daily)
- Rising youthful pop means their is a strain on schools, space and maternity services
- High crime rates(1/3 pop have experienced crime) High corruption, 22.9% exposed to bribes
Environmental negatives of growth in Mumbai
- The industry growth is unregulated creating air/water pollution, 800 million tonnes of treated waste is dumped in teh Mithi river
- Air pollution is dangerously high, (PM10 which can cause cancer, Bronchitis) the levels are 132mg/cm3(the WHO’s recommendation is 20mg/cm3)
Political negatives of growth in Mumbai
- Squatter settlements are on valuable land and developers would pay a lot for the government to knock them down, but residents only want better services (Not move)
- No taxes are gained from the informal employment sector, so if people worked in the formal sector and paid taxes, working conditions would improve
What are the future plans for Mumbai and what will improve according to the government?
The government wants to tackle problems created by rapid population growth and turn the city into a world class location.
Work for this goal began in 2004 but they need to remove the Dharavi slum, home to 1 million people and by 2007 200,000 were forced out and 45,000 homes (300 hectares) demolished.
- What does the government say will improve by doing this?
- Increasing public transport, 25km bridge linking settlements. Investing in energy efficient trains.
- Increasing house availability reducing slum population and increasing affordability. Slum dwellers have been given apartments. Dharavi slum land is worth around $10 million, 20% of development to affordable housing.
- 200,000 high end service sector jobs in healthcare or finance, 500,000 jobs in construction, retail, tourism and recreation
Economic positives of growth in Mumbai
- 6% of india’s GDP in Mumbai
- Mumbai ports is the mainport leading to the arabic sea (Handling 60% indias sea trade)
- Accounts for 25% of India’s industrial production (Metals, chemicals, cars)
- Large companies have branches in Mumbai (Bank of America, Volkswagen)
- Popular with international tourists (3.3 billion) from visitors who stayed overnight 2015
Environmental advantages of growth in Mumbai
- Mumbai is one of the few cities with a national park, Sanjay Gadhi
- 80% of Mumbai’s waste is recycled, also providing employment
- 85% of people living in the slum have jobs within the slum
