Population development key terminology Flashcards

Question

What is the dependency ratio?

Answer 1

The number of people who depend on the working-age population, like children and the elderly.

Answer 2

A policy that encourages people to have more children.

Answer 3

A policy that aims to reduce the number of births in a population.

Answer 4

When men and women have the same rights and opportunities in all areas of life.

Answer 5

The illegal trade of people for exploitation, such as forced labor or prostitution.

Answer 6

GDP per capita - measures average income earned by a person in a given area in a specified year. HDI (Human Development Index) - based on health, wealth and education with a number score between 0 and 1. The happiness index - calculated world happiness by asking people to rate their own current life from 0 to 10 Gender equality index - measures gender equality such as reproductive health, labour force participation and empowerment

Answer 7

Strengths: Can make others aware of what others are feeling Can result in improvement Weaknesses: Might sometimes feel as accurate as trying to forecast weather with a broken umbrella Ordinal scale (1-5) won’t be accurate

Answer 8

Strengths: Gives us an idea of how much income is available to each individual meaning we can see wealth inequality Weaknesses: Inability to account for inflation, income disparity, poverty, wealth or savings.

Answer 9

Strengths: The three ingredients (health, wealth and education) are widely accepted as valid by all governments Weaknesses: HDI hard to be accurate due to conflicts displacing people such as in Syria Health not taken in as much consideration as a system like HALE

Answer 10

Strengths: Reveals gender gaps Weaknesses: Collecting reliable data may be difficulty since there are lots of women who work in the informal sector Cultures which don’t support equal rights for women don’t support this measure e.g. Taliban have burned down girls schools in Pakistan

Answer 11

Core - economic and political decision making Semi-periphery - assembly of manufactured goods Periphery - source of raw materials, dependent on foreign investment and technology

Answer 12

The increase in the proportion of people living in built environments such as towns or cities

Answer 13

Temporary Permanent Internal International Rural-urban Urban-rural Seasonal Forced

Answer 14

refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or geographic area.

Answer 15

Is the measure of the health and happiness of the population

Answer 16

Refers to the growth in an economy that is the result of a change in the age structure of a country’s population. The change in age structure is typically brought on by a decline in fertility and mortality rates.

Answer 17

- One of the youngest pop, with average age of 28 - Since 2018, the working population has grown faster than the dependent pop lasting until 2050 - Result in a decrease in total fertility rate, following stabilisation of life expectancy - India has a five decade window of demographic dividend opportunity (2005-2055) which is longer than other countries - This is dependent of the state, in less developed ones it is yet to start

Answer 18

- Building Human Capital, investing in Healthcare/education/Jobs/skills - National skill Development corporation: was set up to increase skill of 500 million by 2022 - Improving education as 41% are under the age of 20 e.g(Higher education, Finance agency) - National Health protection scheme improve healthcare increasing labour productivity - Improvement of India's ranking in world banks(Ease of doing business index) and programmes (Start up India or Make in India) will increase jobs - SMART city and AMRUT: allow Rural to Urban migrants to have access to basic needs

Answer 19

- Asymmetric demography: The increase in working ages is in poor areas making it harder to utilise them - Lack of skills: due to low Human capital base new jobs require high skills - Low HDI: India ranks 130th out of 199 countries - Informal nature of India's economy: There are lower tax returns meaning they cant reap the benefits due to low budget - Jobless growth: De-industrialisation/globalisation, India's labour force participation rate ages 15-59 is 53% meaning almost half are unemployed

Answer 20

- Increased labour force boosting productivity (65% of pop in labour force) - 15% overall growth in economy - Rise in middle class society - Rapid de-industrialisation and urbanisation - More fiscal resources diverted from children to physical and human - More Women in workforce meaning niche jobs are employed

Answer 21

- In most countries it is illegal to sell your organs. - If a person needs a new organ they have to rely on organ donation programs. - Most organs are donated after the death of the donor. It is rare for people to be living donors, especially to people unknown to them. - There is a shortage of organs available (e.g. kidneys, livers etc) meaning that people have to go on waiting lists to receive a donor organ. Many people die before they receive a donation. - This creates a demand for organs on the black market and trafficked organs represent 10% of all global transplants. - Kidneys are the most sought after organ, especially due to the rise of health problems in HICs such as type 2 diabetes. - A kidney is worth $100,000-200,000 on the black market. - Brokers target areas of extreme poverty and encourage desperate people to sell their organs to them. War zones/ areas hit by natural disasters are major target areas. For example, many Syrians fleeing civil war have sold a kidney to pay people smugglers.

Answer 22

Iran: In Iran, to combat the problem of organs being trafficked illegally, it is now legal for people to sell their organs directly to hospitals. Strengths: Iran now has no black market or waiting lists for kidneys. Weaknesses: - It incentivises people to do bodily harm to themselves. - It could be considered state sponsored exploitation of poor people. In many other countries e.g. the UK: In order to try to meet the demand in most other countries, governments encourage more people to become donors. This has been achieved by changing organ donation systems to opt-out rather than opt-in systems. People are also encouraged to tell their families that they want to be organ donors in the event of their death. Strengths: Opt-out systems increase the number of potential donors, shortening waiting lists. Weaknesses: The next of kin can still opt out on a person’s behalf after death.

Answer 23

- 70% of the world’s cocoa supply comes from two countries in west Africa; Ghana and the Ivory Coast. - Most of the cocoa is produced on small scale, family run farms. - Cocoa prices fluctuate on the world market and this often results in farmers being able to earn a living wage. - As a result, cocoa farming is rife with forced labour, including child labour. - Risks for children include being unable to attend school, being exposed to hazardous chemicals and carrying out dangerous work e.g. carrying heavy loads/using sharp tools.

Answer 24

Fair trade: The Fairtrade organisation is an organisation that makes sure workers from developing countries receive a decent wage. Pros: Gives farmers a better price Farmers are trained in sustainable methods that are best for environment No child labour used The social premiums(profits) go towards paying for schools and healthcare Cons: Consumers pay more Producers use some profits to make sure they are making fairtrade standards leading to less profit themselves Fairtrade chocolate is sold by niche brands and don't have a large consumer base Fairtrade farms are only allowed to sell 1/3 of profit as fairtrade because of lack of demands Global Agreements: The Harkin-Engel Protocol: - The Harkin-Engel Protocol, also known as the Cocoa Protocol, was signed into law on September 19, 2001. - This states that the governments of cocoa producing states must inspect and report child labour on cocoa plantations. It includes the involvement of the cocoa companies. - However, it does not require cocoa companies to post ‘slave free chocolate’ on their products as was originally suggested. - - The requirements of this protocol have not yet been fulfilled; however, certain directives have received funding – for example: - “The aim is to improve the livelihoods of cocoa growers by providing infrastructure, farmers organisations and educational facilities in cocoa producing communities”.

Answer 25

Sweden has a low score on the gender equality index (0.815), meaning that it is a gender equal society. It ranks in 6th place worldwide.

Answer 26

- "Parental insurance" enabled parents to take six months off work per child, with each parent entitled to half of the days. - Childcare is guaranteed to all parents and the aim is that nursery school should be affordable for all. - Gender discrimination in the workplace has been illegal since 1980 in Sweden. - Sweden is striving for equal pay for equal work. The Discrimination Act (2009) states that employers and employees should work actively to even out the pay gap between the sexes. - In 2016 to 90 days of paid leave was introduced for fathers.

Answer 27

- Significant pay gap remains – one of the challenges on the Swedish gender equality agenda. In 2022, women’s average monthly salaries in Sweden were 90.1 per cent of men’s. - When women have children, they tend to work part-time more often than men, which makes for a less positive career and wage development, as well as a lesser pension. - Today, fathers in Sweden take around 30 percent of the total number of days available to the parents. - Swedens business sector is male dominated with only 10% of companies listed in stock exchange having female chairman - 6.3% of women(15-49) reported physical/sexual violence by partners in last 12 months - Women spend 16% of their time on unpaid care/ domestic work compared to 12.6% done by men

Answer 28

- 53% of swedens state-owned companies have women as there CEO - In 2022 election 46% in parliament were women and 11/23 minsters were women - 86.7% of women in reproductive age had their family panning needs met - 100% of legal frameworks promote/ enforce gender equality under SDG indicator

Answer 29

- Rwanda is the only country grouped as "Low Human Development" by the United Nations which has also been grouped among the most equal group of countries for gender equality. - It ranks no 7 in the Gender Empowerment Index - Rwanda has had a difficult history, including a genocide in the 1990s.

Answer 30

- Has a higher proportion of girls enrolled in education than boys (97% compared to 95%). - Rwanda tops the global league tables for the percentage of female parliamentarians. Fewer than 22% of MPs worldwide are women; in Rwanda, almost 64% are. - Women have also outnumbered men as primary school teachers.

Answer 31

- Laws have changed meaning women have the right to inherit land, created laws where assets are shared in marriage and obtain credit - Due to increased education maternal mortality and birth rate is lower - One stop centres are created to get rid of gender violence - Avenga set up in 1995 helped grieving women from cooperatives as well as providing financial and psychological support. - Church convinces husbands to stop (tearfund) raising awareness

Answer 32

- Gender based violence still a real problem 57% of women have experienced domestic violence and 32% say they have been raped by their husbands. - Women are still the poorest people in society, meaning they cant afford secondary education for their kids. - Still a lack of police investigations into rape and sexual assault. But are also often sidelined - 375000 women were raped in the genocide - Despite the high amount of women in Parliament women in poverty dont feel a difference

Answer 33

- There are low fertility rates (1.36 children per woman) - Need more economically active people for the future to help the country's growth and economy - The population is shrinking

Answer 34

- Women wish to pursue further education and careers before having children. This means couples will have fewer children due to a reduced fertility window. - Women are expected to work as well as being the main provider of child care. This lack of gender equality is discouraging women from having multiple children or any children at all.. - Japan has a culture of hard work and long hours in the workplace, this leaves less time for raising children. - In Japan there is a cultural preference for having only one child.

Answer 35

- Financial Incentives: Japan offers various financial benefits to families with children, including child allowances, tax breaks, and subsidies for child care and education. - 8 Weeks paid leave from work. - Shorter Working hours. - A maximum of 24 hours overtime a month. - Shops offer discounts to larger families. - Child allowance. - Robot babies for couples who want to practice

Answer 36

- Despite government efforts and various incentives put in place the scheme was not a success. This is because the fertility rate only rose by 0.14% from 2005 to 2013. - Further, the Standard of living for recurrent parents or people who were planning on having kids has increased - Yet it is not all bad it could have been worst and could have gone even more downhill

Answer 37

A policy which aims to increase the birth rates of an area/country An anti-natalist policy is when the government of a nation, creates a policy to lower the birthrate of the country.

Answer 38

Antinatalist policy(1979-2015) only allowing couples to have one child With exception to farmers in the countryside where sometimes 2 kids were allowed if your first one was a girl

Answer 39

Families were required to sign up to the one child certificate – meaning they were agreeing to have only one child. If they did this, they received benefits. ● Contraception, family planning advice and abortions were provided for free to make it easy for couples to limit family size. ● The Chinese government used a “carrot and stick approach” to get people to comply with the policy. This means they gave rewards for people who followed the policy (the carrot) and punishments for those who refused (the stick). Incentives (REWARDS) given for following the policy ● Cash payments ● Free healthcare and education for child ● Preferential (better) access to jobs Disincentives (PUNISHMENTS) for disobeying the policy – ● Fines – can be large of up to 10-20% of annual salary. ● Job loss ● Nanny police – these were older female members of the communist party who reported people who broke the rules of the government ● Rice rations – when food handouts were given in rural areas during times of shortages the the government didn’t give extra rice rations to those with more children.

Answer 40

The birth rate in China has fallen. ● 300-400 million births prevented. ● Parents able to concentrate resources on fewer children. However, there are many negative impacts of the policy: ● Against human rights ● Gender issues: ● Due to a traditional preference for boys, large numbers of female babies have ended up homeless or in orphanages, and, in some cases, killed. In 2000, it was reported that 90 percent of foetuses aborted in China were female. ● Today it is thought that men outnumber women by more than 60 million (has led to forced marriages). ● Future ageing population – China’s government is worried that the population will age before it gets rich.

Answer 41

Larger families are seen as a sign of security, for example, many people still live in rural areas and rely on farming for income. More hands-on and lead to a bigger agricultural output. The sigma and cost of contraception linked to the religious background (95% being Muslim) 1 in 10 children in Gambia dies in infancy which means families have more children to compensate. Few people reach into elderly age range Families rely on kids for income(1/3 between 10-14 work)

Answer 42

Children have to to school in shifts with 3000 students and 26 classrooms Fertility rate of 5.3 Lack of sanitation and overcrowded deforestation and in 50 years all forest will be gone 1/3 lack access to safe drinking water, 1/2 suffers from poor sanitation

Answer 43

Contraception(awareness campaigning and ads and in pharmacies) Social marketing Family planning Encouraging spacing children to let the body recover and focus on that child Improving infant healthcare Government campaign to educate women. Girls can go to school with the mothers

Answer 44

- Later marriages - Increase in childless couples - Cultural preference for 1 child - Women pursuing careers - Working environment is not very supportive of families e.g. lack of flexible working. - More insecure employment means people have fewer children as they can’t rely on a regular/high income. - Japan also has fewer people in the fertile age group, meaning there will be fewer births overall. - Fertility rate has fallen from 2.1 in the 1970s to 1.36 today. - One of the lowest birth rates in the world. - Increasing life expectancy (longest female life expectancy in the world - 86 yrs)

Answer 45

Older people stay active Healthy diet - e.g., fresh vegetables/low meat Good mindset/mental health Low birth rates also contribute to an ageing population structure as there are fewer young people being added to the population. 29% of Japan’s population are over 65.

Answer 46

- Lower potential workforce. - Lower output - Reduced tax revenue - Need for Immigration. However, the Japanese do not favour high rates of immigration and it can also be difficult for migrants to assimilate due to a difficult language to learn etc. - Higher costs for government paying pensions - Young people may have to care for elderly relatives which can be difficult and time-consuming. - Many elderly people in Japan cannot afford to retire and so have to go on working well into their 70s. - Many elderly people live below the poverty line and there has been increasing homelessness among the elderly. - If older people lack a support network, they can become depressed. 1/3 of Japan’s suicides are from the over 65 population.

Answer 47

- Reforms - increasing child benefits, providing tax allowances for families, making childcare more accessible - Encourage immigration - The Government has introduced new laws like the 'Child Care' and 'Family Care Leave' Laws. In which parents can receive: -8 Weeks paid leave from work -Shorter Working hours -A maximum of 24 hours overtime a month -Economic Incentives e.g. Yamatsuri, a town of 7,000 just north of Tokyo, offers parents $4,600 for the birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years. -Businesses have been urged to give their Increase birth rates to improve the population balance (but social attitudes and trends difficult to change) - Offer part time jobs for elderly population (less demanding) - Increase retirement age so they can contribute to economy - Robotic care assistants have been suggested - for example Japan has developed robot nurses that are capable of carrying and bathing elderly people (but obvious issues with this as a strategy e.g., technology can malfunction/elderly people benefit from social contact with real people).

Answer 48

Syria is located in western Asia in the middle east Cause of crisis: - In response to the government the free Syrian army was created - The conflict began as a forceful crackdown on a peaceful student protest against the Syrian government(March 15, 2015) then escalating Cause of refugee crisis: - Outside parties joined with airstrikes(2015), as ISIS declared it a islamic state - Assaults on civilian areas by armed forces causing 14 million to flee

Answer 49

PUSH: Syrians had no choice but to leave their homes because: - bombings destroyed cities and cut off all communication - human rights violations were prevalent - Risk of death if they stayed behind - since 2011 nearly 500,000 people have been killed. - the infrastructure is non-existent: health care, clean water and schooling are severely limited, housing is mostly destroyed and the economy is severely depleted - children are used as human shields and forced to fight - the frontline is continually changing and civilians are caught in the crossfire. - Chemical weapons attacks by the government - Concerns about being forced into living under a strict Islamic code due to the rise of Isis - Schools closed - Country in chaos

Answer 50

- Proximity of neighbouring countries – an easier escape over the border. - Degree of shared language/culture with some of the neighbouring countries. - Pull to European countries due to better living conditions, increased safety, better housing, more job opportunities, educational opportunities for children.

Answer 51

- 4 million refugees remained in Syria – displaced IDPs. - 4.5 million fled to just 5 neighbouring countries – Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt - Many Syrians fleeing terrible conditions in refugee camps, made dangerous journeys. - Often paying human traffickers large sums of money to help them reach a safer destination e.g., Europe. - Italy and Greece were frequent landing sites for refugees, making dangerous journeys across the sea – boats unsuitable for the conditions and overfilled with migrants. - Discussion in the European Union about resettling migrants to reduce pressure on Italy/Greece. - Germany later agreed to take 1 million migrants. - Sweden also took more Syrian refugees per capita than any other European country (approx.. 180,000). - Other European countries refused to take migrants. Hungary, for example, built a wall to keep them out.

Answer 52

Life in refugee camps: - Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan is one of the largest refugee camps in the world. - The camp first opened in 2012, less than 10 miles from the Syrian border, and today houses almost 80,000 Syrian refugees in rows of prefabricated shelters. - In summer the shelters are incredibly hot and uncomfortable, the environment is dry and prone to dust storms. - Water is in short supply and is rationed. - The shelters do not have electricity. Most children are unable to attend school. Dangerous journeys across land and sea: - Syria’s neighbours (Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey etc) struggled to cope with the massive influx of forced migrants (4.5 million people across 5 countries). - Many Syrian refugees were forced to live in poor conditions in camps e.g., Zaatari camp in Jordan. - Despite the best work of agencies such as the UN, these camps lack resources and children are not usually able to go to school. This prompts migrants to want to move to areas where the quality of life will be better e.g. Europe. - Syrian migrants cannot apply for asylum in an EU country whilst they are outside of the EU and airlines will not allow migrants to board flights without a valid visa. This leads to migrants paying traffickers to help them reach Europe. This involves a dangerous journey across land or sea. - Many migrant boats have sunk in the Mediterranean. Since 2014, more than 20,000 migrants and refugees have died at sea while trying to reach Europe

Answer 53

- Sweden has taken the most syrian refugees per capita in europe - Locals have concerns about the safety of their children/ bad influence - Has accepted 160,000 syrian migrants but people say it has increased crime - Sweden changed policy in 2016 to only 3 year permit as there is a housing crisis - Turkey has more than half the syrian migrants abroad - In lebanon there is a increasing clash between the two cultures as in some towns populations have doubled putting stress on resources - Syrians are willing to work for less and live in communal housing meaning locals cant afford rising house prices but syrians can - Children in school don't get the same attention and often lebanese kids only get taught half days and the other syrians -1 in 5 are refugees

Answer 54

- Rising sea levels, it is a low lying island (Highest point 4.6m) - Coastal erosion, land for farming disappears, and corla reefs are destroyed in the Funafuti atoll due to seawater acidification meaning fishing is lost - Extreme weather events such as flooding become more frequent destroying settlements with more than 100 floods predicted until the end of the century - Overpopulation(367 per km²) and rising due to land loss - Due to more frequent floods the saltwater makes the soil saline mean local crops like pulaka and taro cant be grown

Answer 55

- pop of 11,396 - Tuvalu is in the South Pacific, an island country in Polynesia situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. - Its 9 islands comprise small, thinly populated atolls and reef islands with palm-fringed beaches. The capital is Funafuti.

Answer 56

- Salination of the soil is making it hard to grow crops on six of Tuvalu's eight islands already. - Groundwater is increasingly becoming undrinkable due to sea-water intrusion. Islanders are relying on rain water. - Family burial plots are sinking into the ocean or being moved to higher ground. - New houses are being built on 10-foot-tall stilts, something never before seen in the traditional architecture of the island groupings. (loss of culture due to flooding). - Floods used to occur twice a year. Now it is every month. One of the smallest islands, called Tepuka Vili Vili, actually disappeared in 1997. - 30% of children don't transition to secondary school - Cant grow palms which is one of their biggest exports

Answer 57

- The New Zealand government established an immigration program called the Pacific - --Access Category to help qualifying Tuvaluans start over in a safer environment. - Higher quality life, Numerous career opportunities for Tuvaluan migrants in Australia/NZ. - The healthcare system in Australia is known as one of the best in the world. - Australia includes a fantastic education system and it has bagged 8th position in the worldwide rankings. - The climate in Australia is pleasant with mild winters and warm summers and nice landscape. - Australia is mainly made up of residents of all types of cultures and backgrounds. - Australia is a friendly, green, low crime, beautiful country which offers a range of visa options, indiscriminately of country of origin.

Answer 58

- In 2018 4653 tuvaluans migrated to NZ - 4490 moved to away from tuvalu in 2023 - Loss of 200 million of there workforce by 2050 - Families separated due to fathers working abroad and loss of cultural identity cause ny next generation born in different country - Pressure On Capital city of rural to Urban migration

Answer 59

- Only 50% of adult tuvaluans are employed in NZ - Pressure on immigration systems in NZ who's quotas have already been met - Hard integration to urban life or skill set differences - New cultures brought in - Fiji as a island has limited resources and has to balance domestic climate change efforts with accommodating new populations(Services will be strained) - Increase labour force and skill set brought in

Answer 60

- China is a country in East Asia. - China is an upper middle income country and is a member of the BRICS (a group of emerging countries that have experienced strong economic growth and are becoming a more dominant force in the world economy). - China has an unevenly distributed population. - 94% of the population live in the east with just 6% in western China. For example areas such as Tibet and Inner Mongolia are very sparsely populated.

Answer 61

The east: - Eastern China has a long coastline. The coastal plains are flat and easy to build on and the coast provides opportunities for trade. - The east receives sufficient rainfall to allow crop growth. - Two of the world’s longest rivers (the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers) flow across the east, providing abundant fresh water and opportunities for river transport. The west: - Western China is sparsely populated due to high relief - the west contains mountain ranges such as the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. These areas are uninhabitable due to harsh weather conditions and steep land meaning it is difficult to build on. -A large desert stretches from Mongolia into northern China. The Gobi Desert is a cold desert, dropping to lows of -40 C. The climate is harsh and very dry meaning there is little fresh water or fertile soil to grow crops.

Answer 62

- The East has more job opportunities (Beijing, Shanghai) - The east has better infrastructure such as hospitals - The east has better import/ Export connections - Higher GDP per capita in Eastern China - Industrial revolution, in 1952 83% employed in agriculture now 30%. With 20% in 1980 living in urban areas, now 80% - Government policies e.g. special economic zones have tax incentives such as Shenzen"World factory"

Answer 63

Core cities: Beijing and Shanghai Located south-east High population density due to human and physical factors Large ports Mineral deposits Significant in-migration Periphery cities: Located north and far from the coast Poor accessibility Poor and agriculture based Significant out-migration Megacities in China Shanghai and Beijing

Answer 64

China has experienced the world’s largest internal population movement 160 million migrants left rural areas to work in urban areas Wages in urban areas were 40% higher than in rural areas 2000-2005 38 million people moved Good for chinese economy and migrants Bad for environmental Good for Chinese economy and migrants increasing capacity

Answer 65

South Africa is located in southern Africa. Upper MIC country. Like China, it's a member of the BRICS group

Answer 66

South Africa has an uneven population distribution. There is a high population concentration in urban areas. Most people (69% of the population) live in cities and urban regions, especially around Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, and Pretoria. Rural areas, especially in the Northern Cape and central parts of the country, have low population density. Coastal areas are generally more populated than inland regions, except for major urban centres.

Answer 67

The western area, including the Karoo and Kalahari Deserts, have a very low population density due to harsh living conditions. There are higher population densities where there are abundant mineral resources e.g., gold and diamonds, for example in the Gauteng region.

Answer 68

There is good trading potential in the coastal cities of Durban and Cape Town, meaning these areas are densely populated. The Gauteng region (including the cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria) is a core economic region, with the highest wealth and where there are the widest variety of job opportunities. Many people migrate from rural to urban areas in search of jobs and better living conditions. The impacts of forced segregation: Between 1948-1994 the white National Party had political control of South Africa and set up the apartheid policy. Under apartheid, over 4 million black people were forcibly removed from “white areas” and relocated to homelands. Since the apartheid era many black people have migrated from the former homelands to large cities, in search of work. However, poverty forces many to live in substandard housing (slums) on the edge of cities or remain in the former homelands e.g. Soweto.

Answer 69

Mumbai is located on a peninsula on the Western coast of Maharashtra state in western India (Konkan coast), bordering the Arabian Sea. 21.8 million 1.77% 14.1 per 1000

Answer 70

- Education and health standards are much lower in rural areas. - Jobs in agriculture have become harder to find due to natural hazards such as droughts. Young people see farming as hard work for little pay. - Lack of investment - Corrupt political systems - Civil unrest - Lack of entertainment

Answer 71

- Educational opportunities with access to schools and universities. - Improved healthcare providers with access to hospitals and dentists. - Services such as water, electricity and sewage. - Improved job prospects with higher wages and the opportunity to work in the public sector and for international agencies in public works.(centre of hindi movie bollywood industry) - Entertainment and culture e.g. theatres - High supply of resources e.g. jobs

Answer 72

Healthcare and education - Mumbai’s biggest public medical centre, Sion Hospital, has grown from 50 beds in 1950 to more than 1400 beds today. The hospital admits more than 60000 patients each year. - Mumbai also has a world-renowned university along with other important education and research institutions. - Education is better in Marastate (rural), 1000 primary/secondary schools, 89.7% rate in mumbai compared to the national average, which is 74.04 per cent - Best transport systems in india 7.5 million take trains daily - Most people in mumbai have access to electricity and water - High supply of resources(e.g shops) high amount of jobs

Answer 73

- Housing shortages and cant afford rent, 40% live in overcrowded areas(Squatter settlements) with no electricity, water or sewage and are developed illegally (21,000 per km² people) -Water shortages and is rationed, standpipes go on for 2 hours at 5:30 am (communal) - Water pipes leak into sewage, kids play amongst sewage waste(4000 cases of typhoid an diarrhoea daily) - Rising youthful pop means their is a strain on schools, space and maternity services - High crime rates(1/3 pop have experienced crime) High corruption, 22.9% exposed to bribes

Answer 74

- The industry growth is unregulated creating air/water pollution, 800 million tonnes of treated waste is dumped in teh Mithi river - Air pollution is dangerously high, (PM10 which can cause cancer, Bronchitis) the levels are 132mg/cm3(the WHO's recommendation is 20mg/cm3)

Answer 75

- Squatter settlements are on valuable land and developers would pay a lot for the government to knock them down, but residents only want better services (Not move) - No taxes are gained from the informal employment sector, so if people worked in the formal sector and paid taxes, working conditions would improve

Answer 76

The government wants to tackle problems created by rapid population growth and turn the city into a world class location. Work for this goal began in 2004 but they need to remove the Dharavi slum, home to 1 million people and by 2007 200,000 were forced out and 45,000 homes (300 hectares) demolished. - What does the government say will improve by doing this? - Increasing public transport, 25km bridge linking settlements. Investing in energy efficient trains. - Increasing house availability reducing slum population and increasing affordability. Slum dwellers have been given apartments. Dharavi slum land is worth around $10 million, 20% of development to affordable housing. - 200,000 high end service sector jobs in healthcare or finance, 500,000 jobs in construction, retail, tourism and recreation

Answer 77

- 6% of india's GDP in Mumbai - Mumbai ports is the mainport leading to the arabic sea (Handling 60% indias sea trade) - Accounts for 25% of India's industrial production (Metals, chemicals, cars) - Large companies have branches in Mumbai (Bank of America, Volkswagen) - Popular with international tourists (3.3 billion) from visitors who stayed overnight 2015

Answer 78

- Mumbai is one of the few cities with a national park, Sanjay Gadhi - 80% of Mumbai's waste is recycled, also providing employment - 85% of people living in the slum have jobs within the slum