Population Change Flashcards
How has the world population been changing since 1800?
The world population has been exponentially growing (continually increasing)
How has the population changed (in billions) since 1800?
in 1800 the population was about 1 billion but has exponentially increased- reaching 7 billion in 2011
Where is the population expected to settle? (in billions)
In the future the population is expected to settle at around 9 billion
What is natural change?
The difference between the birth and death rate
What is the birth rate?
The number of live births per 1000 people per year
How many stages are there in the demographic transition model?
There are 5 stages
What are the stages of the demographic transition model?
1: High Fluctuating 2:Early expanding 3:Late expanding
4: Low fluctuating 5:Natural decrease
What do the names of the stages in the demographic transition model refer to?
The birth rate - NOT the population
What is the replacement rate?
A birth rate which is high enough for a new generation to be the same as the previous generation
What are the shapes of the population structures in stages 1, 2 and 3?
1: Concave triangle 2: triangle 3: Half an oval
What are the shapes of the population structures in stages 4 and 5?
4: semi-oval with tapered base 5: pentagon
What are some places at stages 1, 2 and 3 in the DTM?
1: Traditional rain-forest tribes 2: Afghanistan 3: India/Kenya
What are some countries at stages 4 and 5 in the DTM?
4: USA/UK 5: Germany/Japan
What are 4 factors which affect population growth?
Agricultural change, urbanisation, education, emancipation of women (all decrease the population growth)
How does agricultural change affect population?
Mechanisation means less farm labourers are needed = larger families not needed = decreased birth rate
How does urbanisation affect population growth?
Rural to urban migration; children aren’t needed to work in cities so no need for large families = decreased birth rate
How does education affect population growth?
Increased education = children more of an economic burden = decreased birth rate
How does the emancipation (political equality) of women affect population growth?
Women have the choice of whether to have children and many want careers not children = decreased birth rate (happens in more developed countries)
What do population pyramids show?
The age and gender composition of a country/city/area
Urban areas of LEDCs tend to have what composition?
They tend to be made up of predominantly young-middle aged males
What is a sustainable population?
A population whose growth and development does not threaten the success of future generations
What issues have arisen in LEDC rural areas due to population growth?
Deforestation/soil erosion/desertification, overgrazing, shortage of clean water, tension between tribes, pollution (water/air/land), lack of basic public services
What issues have arisen in LEDC urban areas due to population growth?
Water/land/air pollution, traffic congestion, low living standards, overcrowding/slums, inadequate public services, rising crime
What issues have arisen in LEDC as a whole due to population growth?
International debts, unemployment, shortages of food/raw materials, unstable governments, lack of money for basic healthcare/schooling
What are pro-natal policies?
Policies trying to increase the birth rate
What are anti-natal policies?
Policies trying to decrease the birth rate
What is a population policy?
A national plan for population change
When was China’s one child policy introduced?
1979
Why was China’s one child policy introduced?
The Chinese government was worried that there wouldn’t be enough space/food/resources/housing/water/jobs for a rapidly increasing population
What positive impacts did China’s one child policy have?
Population grew much less quickly, more frequent health checks available for women
What negative impacts did China’s one child policy have?
Little emperors, gender imbalance (everyone wanted a male child), forced abortions and sterilisation
What did the Chinese government do to help stop the gender imbalance?
1994: illegal to reveal baby’s gender before birth
What did the Chinese government do to stop women having a second child?
Introduced fines and before 2002 gave women forced abortions and sterilised them after their first child (outlawed in 2002)
When was the one child policy changed?
It became a two child policy in January 2016
