Population Change Flashcards

1
Q

How has the world population been changing since 1800?

A

The world population has been exponentially growing (continually increasing)

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2
Q

How has the population changed (in billions) since 1800?

A

in 1800 the population was about 1 billion but has exponentially increased- reaching 7 billion in 2011

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3
Q

Where is the population expected to settle? (in billions)

A

In the future the population is expected to settle at around 9 billion

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4
Q

What is natural change?

A

The difference between the birth and death rate

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5
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1000 people per year

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6
Q

How many stages are there in the demographic transition model?

A

There are 5 stages

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7
Q

What are the stages of the demographic transition model?

A

1: High Fluctuating 2:Early expanding 3:Late expanding
4: Low fluctuating 5:Natural decrease

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8
Q

What do the names of the stages in the demographic transition model refer to?

A

The birth rate - NOT the population

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9
Q

What is the replacement rate?

A

A birth rate which is high enough for a new generation to be the same as the previous generation

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10
Q

What are the shapes of the population structures in stages 1, 2 and 3?

A

1: Concave triangle 2: triangle 3: Half an oval

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11
Q

What are the shapes of the population structures in stages 4 and 5?

A

4: semi-oval with tapered base 5: pentagon

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12
Q

What are some places at stages 1, 2 and 3 in the DTM?

A

1: Traditional rain-forest tribes 2: Afghanistan 3: India/Kenya

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13
Q

What are some countries at stages 4 and 5 in the DTM?

A

4: USA/UK 5: Germany/Japan

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14
Q

What are 4 factors which affect population growth?

A

Agricultural change, urbanisation, education, emancipation of women (all decrease the population growth)

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15
Q

How does agricultural change affect population?

A

Mechanisation means less farm labourers are needed = larger families not needed = decreased birth rate

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16
Q

How does urbanisation affect population growth?

A

Rural to urban migration; children aren’t needed to work in cities so no need for large families = decreased birth rate

17
Q

How does education affect population growth?

A

Increased education = children more of an economic burden = decreased birth rate

18
Q

How does the emancipation (political equality) of women affect population growth?

A

Women have the choice of whether to have children and many want careers not children = decreased birth rate (happens in more developed countries)

19
Q

What do population pyramids show?

A

The age and gender composition of a country/city/area

20
Q

Urban areas of LEDCs tend to have what composition?

A

They tend to be made up of predominantly young-middle aged males

21
Q

What is a sustainable population?

A

A population whose growth and development does not threaten the success of future generations

22
Q

What issues have arisen in LEDC rural areas due to population growth?

A

Deforestation/soil erosion/desertification, overgrazing, shortage of clean water, tension between tribes, pollution (water/air/land), lack of basic public services

23
Q

What issues have arisen in LEDC urban areas due to population growth?

A

Water/land/air pollution, traffic congestion, low living standards, overcrowding/slums, inadequate public services, rising crime

24
Q

What issues have arisen in LEDC as a whole due to population growth?

A

International debts, unemployment, shortages of food/raw materials, unstable governments, lack of money for basic healthcare/schooling

25
Q

What are pro-natal policies?

A

Policies trying to increase the birth rate

26
Q

What are anti-natal policies?

A

Policies trying to decrease the birth rate

27
Q

What is a population policy?

A

A national plan for population change

28
Q

When was China’s one child policy introduced?

A

1979

29
Q

Why was China’s one child policy introduced?

A

The Chinese government was worried that there wouldn’t be enough space/food/resources/housing/water/jobs for a rapidly increasing population

30
Q

What positive impacts did China’s one child policy have?

A

Population grew much less quickly, more frequent health checks available for women

31
Q

What negative impacts did China’s one child policy have?

A

Little emperors, gender imbalance (everyone wanted a male child), forced abortions and sterilisation

32
Q

What did the Chinese government do to help stop the gender imbalance?

A

1994: illegal to reveal baby’s gender before birth

33
Q

What did the Chinese government do to stop women having a second child?

A

Introduced fines and before 2002 gave women forced abortions and sterilised them after their first child (outlawed in 2002)

34
Q

When was the one child policy changed?

A

It became a two child policy in January 2016