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GCSE Geography > Changing Urban Environments > Flashcards

Changing Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an urban area?

A

An area that is densely populated and highly developed; often very modern and advanced

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2
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Proportion of people living in built up environments such as towns and cities

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3
Q

How does population change affect urbanisation?

A

It fuels urbanisation, as an increase in population means that more homes are needed

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4
Q

How has agriculture changed to fuel urbanisation?

A

Technology has advanced in agriculture; less people are needed, so people migrate away from the countryside

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5
Q

How does industry fuel urbanisation?

A

Most industries (and consequently jobs) are in the cities so people migrate towards the cities- expanding the cities

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6
Q

How does wealth affect urbanisation?

A

People are becoming more wealthy so invest more in new architecture and industries- expanding the cities

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7
Q

How does transport affect urbanisation?

A

Better transportation means that cities can expand further; as people can commute from the outside of the cities

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8
Q

Moving from outside the city to the centre of the city, how do the buildings change?

A

They become more dense, and taller

Houses: Detached, semi-detached, terraced, flats

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9
Q

What is the CBD?

A

The Central Business District- the centre of the city; often does not house people, just businesses/offices and shops

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10
Q

Name two urban land use models?

A

Burgess Zone model and Hoyt Sector model

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11
Q

What are the different sectors of the city?

A

CBD, inner city (wholesale light manufacturing), inner city (low-class residential), inner suburbs (medium-class housing), outer suburbs (high class residential)

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12
Q

What percentage of the world is urban?

A

About 50%

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13
Q

What value is the land of the CBD?

A

it is very high value- so businesses are the main buyers- and they tend to build upward

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14
Q

What is the inner city also known as? Why?

A

The twilight zone; because it is typically very run down

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15
Q

When and where were the first two urban development corporations started?

A

1981, in Merseyside and Douchlands (both London)

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16
Q

On average, how much does traffic congestion cost to Britain’s businesses?

A

£4.2 billion losses to Britain’s buisinesses

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17
Q

How long does the average commuter spend in traffic per year?

A

4 days

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18
Q

What has London done to try to reduce traffic in the city centre?

A

Introduced the London congestion charge

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19
Q

How have the levels of pollution changed since the introduction of the London congestion charge?

A

Levels of sulphur dioxide have dropped by 95%

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20
Q

How have the numbers of cars in the city centre changed since the introduction of the London congestion charge?

A

The number of cars entering the city centre have dropped by 70,000 cars per day

21
Q

How much is the congestion charge?

A

It was £5 when it was first introduced, but has since increased to £11.50 (per day)

22
Q

What are two negative impacts that the London congestion charge has had?

A

Businesses in the CBD have lost customers; the cost f visiting has put off many people
Train stations on the outside of London (e.g. Croydon and Reading) have had to expand

23
Q

What are 3 issues faced by the CBD?

A

Rise of online shopping
Car parking- too little/too expensive
High street- no vision/behind on what people want

24
Q

What is a UDC?

A

An Urban Development Corporation

25
Q

When and why were UDCs launched?

A

They were originally launched in 1981 to regenerate inner city areas by constructing on brownfield sites

26
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

A site that has been previously built upon

27
Q

What was the Gloucester URC?

A

(Gloucester heritage urban regeneration corporation) was set up as an offshoot of the UDC strategy

28
Q

What did the Gloucester URC do to get funding to regenerate the inner city area?

A

Created a partnership between the government and private industries for funding- in return industries were given tax breaks and relaxed planning restrictions

29
Q

What areas were selected in Gloucester for regeneration?

A

All were in the country’s top 25 most deprived places (3 were in the top 10)

30
Q

What sites were successfully repaired by the Gloucester URC scheme?

A

Over 100 historic buildings in Gloucester were successfully repaired and reused

31
Q

What sites were successfully developed by the Gloucester URC scheme?

A

100 hectares of brownfield sites were reclaimed and developed, 3000 new homes were built (and 2000 new jobs created), new college for further education

32
Q

What were the negatives of the Gloucester URC scheme?

A

New jobs often lost when building work finished, businesses would pull out if tax breaks stopped, less funding for things that weren’t money making (youth centres etc), some new houses built on floodplains

33
Q

Why are brownfield sites less desirable than greenfield sites?

A

VAT charged for redevelopment but not for new buildings, old structures have to be dealt with, more complicated to redesign

34
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

The range of cultural and ethnic diversity within the population of a country

35
Q

What is a multicultural society?

A

A society where a number of ethnic groups and their culture live alongside each-other (including the predominant ethnic group and their culture)

36
Q

What is cultural pluralism?

A

Where ethnic groups integrate into society, retain their own culture but also adopt aspects of the dominant culture/society, people have multiple cultural identities

37
Q

What are some benefits of multicultural cities?

A

Exploration of cultures and festivals, new foods, wider range of people, better tolerance of other cultures, new languages

38
Q

What are some challenges of multicultural cities?

A

Religious clashes, extreme beliefs, racism, language barriers

39
Q

What proportion of people in London belong to an ethnic minority group?

A

1/3

40
Q

What different faiths are represented in London?

A

London is home to around 40 Hindu temples, 25 Sikh temples, 150 mosques and many synagogues and Catholic or C of E churches

41
Q

What is the average age of the UK ethnic minority population?

A

27

42
Q

What are the arguments for building on greenfield sites?

A

Houses are needed and demand is increasing, the land is often cheaper than that nearer to cities, 1% of the green belt could provide up to 300,000 homes

43
Q

What are the arguments against building on greenfield sites?

A

Encourages commuting (more traffic congestion), encourages the urban sprawl, urbanises the countryside, unsustainable, ‘sucks’ business out of city centres

44
Q

How big is the green belt in England?

A

It’s estimated to cover around 1,639,540 hectares (about 3/4 of the size of Wales)

45
Q

What is the green belt?

A

The land in the urban-rural fringe, which is usually protected by government law

46
Q

What are the arguments for building on brownfield sites?

A

Brownfield is often in urban areas so reduces demand on car use, reduces urban sprawl, doesn’t take up countryside, easier to link to public transport

47
Q

What are the arguments against building on brownfield sites?

A

More expensive- land must be cleared, land not available where most housing is needed, noise of building can disturb inhabitants nearby

48
Q

What is a favela?

A

A squatter settlement, where people live in extreme poverty

49
Q

What is a periferia?

A

An area of poor quality but permanent housing with some basic amenities (requirements)

GCSE Geography (6 decks)

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