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IB Geography > Population change > Flashcards

Population change Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: diffusion

A

The spread of a phenomenon over time and space.

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2
Q

Define: carrying capacity

A

The largest population that the resources of a given environment can support.

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3
Q

Define: demography

A

The scientific study of human populations.

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4
Q

Define: POPULATION MOMENTUM

A

The tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement level fertility has been achieved, because of a relatively high concentration of people in the child-bearing years. This situation is due to past high fertility rates that result in a large number of young people.

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5
Q

Define: demographic transition

A

The historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population.

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6
Q

Define: CRUDE BIRTH RATE

A

The number of births per 1,000 of the population in a given year. It is only a very broad indicator as it does not take into account the age and gender distribution of the population.

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7
Q

Define: CRUDE DEATH RATE

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 of the population in a given year. It is only a very broad indicator as it does not take into account the age and gender distribution of the population.

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8
Q

Define: rate of natural change

A

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

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9
Q

Define: census

A

An official periodic count of a population including such information as age, gender, occupation and ethnic origin.

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10
Q

Define: NATURAL DECREASE

A

When the number of births is lower than the number of deaths.

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11
Q

Define: NATURAL INCREASE

A

When the number of births is higher than the number of births.

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12
Q

Define: IMMIGRATION

A

The migration of people into a country from one or a number of other countries.

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13
Q

Define: EMIGRATION

A

The migration of people from a country to one or a number of other countries.

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14
Q

Define: NET MIGRATION

A

The difference between immigration and emigration for a particular country.

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15
Q

Define: FERTILITY RATE

A

The number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 years in a given year.

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16
Q

Define: TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

A

The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman (or group of women) during her lifetime, if she were to pass through her child-bearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.

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17
Q

Define: REPLACEMENT LEVEL FERTILITY

A

The level at which each generation has just enough children to replace themselves in the population. Although the level varies for different populations, a total fertility rate of 2.12 children is usually considered as replacement level.

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18
Q

Define: INFANT MORTALITY RATE

A

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

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19
Q

Define: CHILD MORTALITY RATE

A

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

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20
Q

Define: LIFE EXPECTANCY

A

The average number of years a person may expect to live when born, assuming past trends continue.

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21
Q

Define: POPULATION STRUCTURE

A

The composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex.

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22
Q

Define: POPULATION PYRAMID

A

A bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the distribution of a population by age and gender.

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23
Q

Define: sex ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

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24
Q

Define: POPULATION PROJECTION

A

The prediction of future populations based on the present age-gender structure and with present rates of fertility, mortality and migration.

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25
Q

Which country has the highest crude birth rate and what is this birth rate?

A

Niger

46.12 (2014 est.)

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26
Q

Which country has the lowest crude birth rate and what is this birth rate?

A

Monaco

6.72 (2014 est.)

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27
Q

Which country has the highest crude death rate and what is this death rate?

A

South Africa

17.49 (2014 est.)

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28
Q

Which country has the lowest crude death rate and what is this death rate?

A

Qatar

1.52 (2014 est.)

29
Q

Which country has the highest infant mortality rate and what is this infant mortality rate?

A

Afghanistan

117.23 (2014 est.)

30
Q

Which country has the lowest infant mortality rate and what is this infant mortality rate?

A

Monaco

1.81 (2014 est.)

31
Q

Which country has the highest child mortality rate and what is this child mortality rate?

A

Sierra Leone

182 (2012 est.)

32
Q

Which country has the lowest child mortality rate and what is this child mortality rate?

A

Luxembourg

2 (2012 est.)

33
Q

Which country has the highest fertility rate and what is this fertility rate?

A

Niger

6.89 (2014 est.)

34
Q

Which country has the lowest fertility rate and what is this fertility rate?

A

Singapore

0.80 (2014 est.)

35
Q

Which country has the highest life expectancy and what is this life expectancy?

A

Monaco

89.57 (2014 est.)

36
Q

Which country has the lowest life expectancy and what is this life expectancy?

A

Chad

49.44 (2014 est.)

37
Q

Describe Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model. (8)

A
  1. The crude birth rate is high and stable while the crude death rate is high and fluctuating
  2. The crude birth rate is high because of a lack of knowledge of family planning, the need to have large families to help with work, and the women’s traditional role as a mother in these societies
  3. The crude death rate is high because of a poor water supply, poor health care, a reliance upon subsistence farming, disease and pests and an unreliable economy
  4. The death rate fluctuates due to sporadic incidences of famine, disease and war
  5. Population growth is very slow and there may be periods of considerable decline
  6. Infant mortality is high and life expectancy low
  7. A high proportion of the society are under the age of 15
  8. Society is pre-industrial with most people living in rural areas, dependent on subsistence agriculture
38
Q

Give examples of populations currently in Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model.

A

The most remote societies such as isolated tribes in New Guinea and the Amazon that have little or no contact with the outside world.

39
Q

Describe Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model. (7)

A
  1. The death rate declines significantly whilst the birth rate remains at its previous level
  2. The crude death rate changes because of better nutrition; improved public health, particularly in terms of clean water supply and efficient sewerage systems; and medical advancement
  3. The crude birth rate remains the same because social norms governing fertility take time to change - religious or cultural reasons and people are still not educated to using contraception
  4. The gap between the two rates widen and so the rate of natural change increases to a peak at the end of this stage
  5. Infant mortality falls and life expectancy increases
  6. The proportion of the population under the age of 15 increases
  7. Rural to urban migration occurs, although in recent decades for developing countries urbanisation has often not been accompanied by the industrialisation that was characteristic of the developed nations during the 19th century
40
Q

Give examples of populations currently in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model.

A
  1. The poorest of the developing countries - Bangladesh, Niger, Bolivia
  2. A number of oil-rich Middle East nations where increasing affluence has not been accompanied by a significant fall in fertility
41
Q

Describe Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model. (5)

A
  1. The birth rate begins to decline and the death rate continues to fall, but at a slower rate
  2. The crude birth rate changes because after a period of time social norms adjust to the lower level of mortality due to better access to family planning and people beginning to appreciate the fact that families are expensive and that women are able to work
  3. The crude death rate continue to fall as medical care, water supply and accommodation continue to be improved. As well as this, they have young population structures
  4. Urbanisation generally slows and average age increases
  5. Life expectancy continues to increase and infant mortality to decrease
42
Q

Give examples of populations currently in Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model.

A

Most developing countries that have registered significant social and economic advances such as Brazil, China and India.

43
Q

Describe Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model. (6)

A
  1. Both birth rates and death rates are low, with birth rates slightly higher and fluctuating somewhat and with death rates rising slightly
  2. Birth rates are low as the society is advanced and therefore, women choose for careers and smaller families to ensure that they have a better quality of life
  3. Birth rates fluctuate because of changing economic conditions
  4. Death rates rise because the average age of the population increases
  5. Population growth is slow
  6. Life expectancy improves as age-specific mortality rates continue to fall
44
Q

Give examples of populations currently in Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model.

A
  1. Some of the newly industrialised countries such as South Korea and Taiwan
  2. Australia
45
Q

Describe Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model. (3)

A
  1. The birth rate falls below the death rate, resulting in natural decrease
  2. The birth rate falls because of an ageing population and women becoming more career-focused
  3. An absence of net migration inflows means that the population cannot increase
46
Q

Give examples of populations currently in Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model.

A

Countries in Eastern and Southern Europe, such as Italy.

47
Q

What are the limitations of the Demographic Transition Model?

A
  1. Critics see it as too Euro-centric; that many developing countries may not follow the sequence set out
  2. It has failed to predict falling birth rates in MEDCs
  3. Countries such as Australia, the USA and Canada never went through the first stages because their populations grew as a cause of immigration
48
Q

Case study of the Demographic Transition Model - ENGLAND AND WALES

Describe Stage 1

A

Stage 1: Medieval Times

  1. The birth rate and date rate hovered around 35
  2. Birth rate was generally higher, resulting in a slow rate of natural increase
  3. Death rate varied due to occurrences such as the Black Death
  4. High fertility and high mortality persisted until about 1740
49
Q

Case study of the Demographic Transition Model - ENGLAND AND WALES

Describe Stage 2

A

Stage 2: 1740-1875

Decreased death rate:

  1. A period of rapid urbanisation, which alerted both public officials and factory owners to the urgent need for improvements in public health (an unhealthy workforce had a huge impact on efficiency)
  2. The provision of clean piped water and the installation of sewerage systems, allied to better personal and domestic cleanliness, saw the incidence of the diarrhoeal diseases and typhus fall rapidly
  3. In the towns there was a greater opportunity for employment and a larger disposable income so that more food and a wider range of food products could be purchased - there is a strong relationship between infant nutrition and infant mortality (infant mortality fell from 200 in 1770 to 100 in 1870)
  4. Virulence of common infectious diseases such as scarlet fever and tuberculosis diminished due to a combination of better nutrition and improvements in health (Public Health Acts of 1848 and 1869 - established boards of health for pure water supply and drainage), as well as the discovery of vaccinations

Slight falls in birth rate:
1. Factories banned child labour in 1833 - fewer children died as a result of manual labour in factories and so families had fewer children (also consider income - children not able to work, so lower household income = less able to look after children)

Data has become more accurate due to the introduction of the census in 1801 and the initially voluntary (1836) and then compulsory (1874) registration of births and deaths.

50
Q

Case study of the Demographic Transition Model - ENGLAND AND WALES

Describe Stage 3

A

Stage 3: 1874-1930

Continuing decreased death rate:

  1. 1875 Public Health Act established local sanitary districts - improvements in health care as medical science began to play an important role in controlling mortality and doctors were able to offer potent, specifically effective drugs
  2. From about 1906, increasing attention was being paid to maternity and child welfare and to school health, as well as more measures to prove public health and further gains in nutrition

Decline in birth rate:

  1. More widespread knowledge of contraception from 1876; size of families was being deliberately restricted
  2. People could be sure the decline in mortality was permanent
  3. Monetary cost of children was higher in urban, compared with rural, areas
  4. Fell from 30.5 in 1890 to 25 in 1910
51
Q

Case study of the Demographic Transition Model - ENGLAND AND WALES

Describe Stage 4

A

Stage 4: 1940-

Death rate remained stationary due to continued improvements in medical care and standard of living

Falling birth rate:

  1. Fell from 17 in 1930 to 14 in 1940
  2. Baby boom of 1940-1970
  3. Introduction of the pill in 1960 and continued improvements in other forms of contraceptives
52
Q

What are the DEMOGRAPHIC factors that affect fertility?

A

Where infant mortality rate is high, it is usual for many children to die before reaching adult life and so parents often have many children to compensate for expected deaths

53
Q

What are the SOCIAL factors that affect fertility?

A
  1. In some societies in Africa for example, TRADITION demands a high rate of reproduction - the opinion of women in their reproductive years may have little influence weighed against intense cultural expectations
  2. With EDUCATION comes a knowledge of birth control, greater social awareness, more opportunity for employment and a wider choice of action
  3. RELIGIOUS laws banning the use of contraception, for example Muslims and Roman Catholics
54
Q

What are the ECONOMIC factors that affect fertility?

A
  1. In some societies, children are seen as an ECONOMIC ASSET because of the work they do and because of the support they are expected to give their parents in old age
  2. In developed societies, children as a FINANCIAL BURDEN are considered and the cost of the child dependency years is a major factor in the decision to begin or extend a family
  3. ECONOMIC GROWTH allows greater spending on health, housing, nutrition and education
  4. Many companies provide WORKPLACE CHILDCARE and offer the opportunity of FLEXIBLE WORKING TIME
55
Q

What are the POLITICAL factors that affect fertility?

A

POPULATION POLICIES

56
Q

What factors affect mortality?

A
  1. Social class
  2. Ethnicity
  3. Place of residence
  4. Occupation
  5. Age structure of the population
57
Q

What factors affect infant mortality?

A
  1. Quality of life
  2. Improvements in water supply
  3. Better nutrition
  4. Improved health care
58
Q

What factors affect child mortality?

A
  1. Access to medical advancements such as vaccinations, mosquito nets
  2. Increased breast feeding

EXAMPLE: In Vietnam, 30,000 health workers have been trained to treat people in their own villages

  1. Maternal mortality (1 in 92 globally; 1 in 6,000 in developed nations; 1 in 22 in sub-Saharan Africa)
59
Q

What factors affect maternal mortality?

A
  1. Type of pre-natal care

2. Type of attendance at birth

60
Q

Case study: STAGE 2 POPULATION PYRAMID

A

NIGER:

  1. Wide base reflects extremely high fertility
  2. Marked decrease in width indicates relatively high mortality and limited life expectancy
  3. Very high death rate, particularly considering how young the population is
  4. High infant mortality and life expectancy
  5. Youthful population
61
Q

Case study: STAGE 3 POPULATION PYRAMID

A

BANGLADESH:

  1. Almost equal width of the youngest layers is evidence of recent falls in fertility
  2. Falling mortality and lengthening life expectancy is reflected in the relatively wide bar in teenage and young adult groups
  3. Youthful population
62
Q

Case study: STAGE 4 POPULATION PYRAMID

A

UK

  1. Low fertility, illustrated by narrow base
  2. Reduced narrowing at each successive bar indicates a further decline in mortality and greater life expectancy to STAGE 3
  3. Low death rate and infant mortality rate
  4. High life expectancy
63
Q

Case study: STAGE 4/5 POPULATION PYRAMID

A

JAPAN

  1. Inverted base, reflecting low fertility
  2. Low mortality and high life expectancy
  3. Low death rate and infant mortality
  4. Birth rate and death rate are balanced
64
Q

How to tackle a population pyramid question.

A
  1. Divide the pyramid into three sections (young dependants, economically active, elderly dependants)
  2. The higher the pyramid, the higher the life expectancy
  3. Broad shape at the top shows a high proportion of people living longer
  4. Note differences between males and females
  5. Bulges show periods of baby booms or immigration
  6. Indents show higher death rates - perhaps because of war, famine, disease or through emigration
  7. Wide base shows high birth rate
65
Q

When does population momentum occur?

A

Towards the end of the demographic transition model

66
Q

How are population projections made?

A

They are based on the present:

  1. Age-gender structure
  2. Fertility
  3. Mortality
  4. Rate of migration
67
Q

What assumptions are made when making population projections?

A

Assumptions about:

  1. Declines in the future birth rate
  2. Improvements in the life expectancy at birth and infant mortality
  3. Migration into and out of an area
68
Q

Why are population projections made?

A
  1. To be able to better allocate and distribute resources
  2. To be able to target family planning and medical care more effectively
  3. To be to predict population crises e.g. famine, refugee problems
  4. To advise government and NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations - charities)

IB Geography (7 decks)

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