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MAR 370 > Population Biology > Flashcards

Population Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals / organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time

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2
Q

Distribution

A

Size, shape and location of the area a population occupies

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3
Q

Density

A

Number of individuals per unit area

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4
Q

Abundance

A

Total number of individuals, or biomass, of a species in a particular area

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5
Q

What are the basic components of population biology

A
  • Abundance
  • Rate of increase
  • Population structure
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6
Q

What are some ways in which population structure can be analyzed?

A
  • Molecular techniques
  • Biochemical markers
  • Studies of animal movement
  • Telemetry
  • Photo ID
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7
Q

What are the basic principles of population biology? (How is population calculated)

A

N = Population size
B = Number of births
D = Number of deaths
I = Number of immigrants
E = Number of emigrants
ΔN = (B-D) + (I-E)

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8
Q

What is photo ID?

A

Use of natural markings, pigmentation patterns, shape of fins and flukes to identify individuals
Ex: Humpback Whale flukes have unique patterns that are specific to the individual whale

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9
Q

Why is Photo ID so important for marine mammals?

A
  • Unlike other organisms, banding is not possible for marine mammals
  • Photo ID’s are utilized to make estimates on population size
  • Catalogs / maps utilize photo ID to display migration patterns and breeding locations of marine mammals
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10
Q

What is utilized to identify North Atlantic Right Whales?

A
  • Callosities: irregular patches of thickened tough skin
  • Remain fairly stable over time
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11
Q

What is utilized to identify Bottlenose Dolphins?

A

Dorsal fins

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12
Q

How are population dynamics studies?

A
  • True census
  • Sampling estimates
  • Indicies
  • Mark-recapture studies
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13
Q

Describe line transect studies

A
  • Count individuals along track-line
  • Incorporates distance and bearing into your estimate
  • Can be large or small scale
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14
Q

What are some things that you should have standardized when conducting a survey?

A
  • Speed (not too slow or too fast): determines how many individuals you will be likely to see
  • Height off the water: determines how far you can see
  • Number of observers
  • Survey method: bigeyes vs. binoculars
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15
Q

What are some important things to condsider when conducting a line-transect study?

A
  • Track lines are placed randomly with respect to the local distribution of animals
    why
  • Object on track lines are detected at the initial location prior to the response to the observer
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16
Q

How can distances be measured

A

Redicals

17
Q

Line transect theory

A
  • The majority of sightings are going to be closer to the boat
  • As you move farther from the boat, the number of sightings decreases
    Can be used to estimate how many animals you missed
18
Q

How can abundances be estimated on land?

A

Drones

19
Q

Describe mark-recapture

A
  1. Capture and mark animals in an initial survey
  2. Allow marked animals to redistribute themselves among non-marked animals
  3. “Recapture” animals in a second survey
  4. Determine the population size by taking the animals you marked in the first survey (M), multiplying them by the total number of animals you caught in the second survey (T), and dividing everything by the amount of animals you recaptured in the second survey (R)
    N = M*T / R
20
Q

Do populations grow logistically or exponentially?

A
  • Logistically
  • In the natural world, populations will grow until a carrying capacity is reached (density dependance)
21
Q

Describe density dependance

A

As a population nears its carrying capacity we expect:
- Increases in juvenile mortality
- Increase in age at sexual maturation
- Decrease in fecundity
- Increase in adult mortality

22
Q

What are life histories?

A

Describe how and why individuals change overtime

23
Q

Describe the population biology of pinnipeds

A
  • High fecundity
  • Moderate rates of survival
  • High dispersal ability
  • High potential rates of increase
24
Q

Describe the population biology of cetaceans

A
  • Low fecundity
  • High rates of survival
  • Low dispersal ability
  • Relatively low potential rate of increase
25
Q

How did advancements in modern whaling effect the population size of whales?

A

After whaling became more effective, whale populations declined

MAR 370 (10 decks)

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