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MAR 370 > Marine Mammal Managemengt In The U.S > Flashcards

Marine Mammal Managemengt In The U.S Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Marine Mammal Protection Act passed in the U.S

A

1972

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2
Q

When was the Endangered Species Act passed?

A

1973
(Only listed species)

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3
Q

Why was the Marine Mammal Protection Act passed?

A

In response to public concern over the:
- Over-exploitation of baleen whales
- Mortality of dolphins in ETP (purse seine fishery)
- Canadian harvest of harp seal pups

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4
Q

What are the fundamental objectives of the Marine Mammal Protection Act?

A

1: Maintain stocks of marine mammals at their optimum sustainable populations (OSP)
2: Maintain marine mammal stocks as functioning elements of their ecosystems

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5
Q

Describe the split jurisdiction of the MMPA

A
  • Two different government agencies manage different species
  • 1: National Marine Fisheries Service (Department of Commerce) - Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises, Seals and Sea Lions
    2: U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of Interior) - Manatees, Polar Bears, Sea Otters, Walrus
    Some co-management with states and native organizations
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6
Q

How many titles are in the MMPA?

A

4

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7
Q

What are the 4 titles of the MMPA?

A
  • Title I: Conservation and Protection of Marine Mammals
  • Title II: Marine Mammal Commission
  • Title III: International Dolphin Conservation Program
  • Title IV: Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response
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8
Q

Describe title I of the MMPA?

A
  • Prohibits the taking of marine mammals
  • Take means to harass, hunt, capture or kill
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9
Q

What are the exceptions to title I of the MMPA?

A
  • Scientific research
  • Public display
  • Commercial fisheries (under certain conditions)
  • Industrial and military activities
  • Subsistence harvest
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10
Q

Describe title II of the MMPA

A
  • Establishes the Marine Mammal Commission
  • Independent body to overview implementation of the MMPA
  • Advises congress on actions required to implement the act
  • Recommendations made = available to the public (annual report to congress)
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11
Q

Describe the composition of the marine mammal commission

A
  • 3 Commissioners
  • 9 Scientific advisors
  • Staff
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12
Q

Describe title III of the MMPA?

A
  • Addresses the interactions between pelagic dolphins and the Eastern Tropical Pacific yellowfin tuna purse seine fishery
  • Establishes limits on dolphin mortality in this fishery
  • Establishes specific requirements for observers and research programs
  • Establishes limitations on the importation of tuna harvested by fisheries of other nations (the “dolphin safe requirement”)
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13
Q

Describe tittle IV of the MMPA?

A
  • Standardizes procedure for collecting data on stranding events (gives you a lot of basic information about the mammal in question (level A data))
  • Establishes procedure for rescuing and rehabilitating stranded marine mammals
  • Co-ordinates effective responses to UME’s
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14
Q

When were the two MMPA reauthorizations?

A
  • 1988
  • 1994
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15
Q

Describe the 1988 MMPA reauthorization?

A
  • Provided an interim exemption to commercial fisheries
  • Allowed NMFS / FWS time to conduct stock assessments
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16
Q

Describe the 1994 reauthorization of the MMPA?

A
  • Established a new regime governing interactions with commercial fisheries (section 118)
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17
Q

What is section 118 of the 1994 reauthorization of the MPA?

A

The goal of section 118 was to reduce mortality to below potential biological removal (PBR) by preparing stock assessment reports for all marine mammal stocks

18
Q

What is potential biological removal (PBR)?

A

Tells you how many individuals can be removed without harming the stock of the species

PBR = (Nmin) x (1/2 rmax) x (Fr)
- Nmin = minimum population estimate
- rmax = maximum rate of increase
- Fr = recovery factor

19
Q

What happens when anthropogenic mortality > PBR

A

Stock is considered strategic

20
Q

If a stock is strategic, what protocol is the government required to take?

A
  • Review stock assessment annually
  • Establish a take reduction team (fishermen, scientists, managers)
  • Prepare a take reduction plan
  • Reduce anthropogenic mortality < PBR within 6 months
21
Q

What are some ongoing challenges that the MMPA has not been able to solve?

A
  • Indirect impacts on marine mammals (ex: anthropogenic sound, disease, prey depletion)
  • Protecting large whales from fisheries interactions or ship strikes in the Northwestern Atlantic
22
Q

Describe the legacy of the MMPA?

A
  • First federal legislation to adopt an ecosystem approach (goal = to maintain marine mammals as functional parts of the ecosystem)
  • Embraced the precautionary principle
  • Recognized the non-consumptive value of marine wildlife
  • Served as a model for legislation in other countries
23
Q

What is the goal of the Endangered Species Act?

A

Conserve the most threatened marine mammals

24
Q

What are the IUCN Red List categories?

A
  • Extinct
  • Extinct in the wild
  • Critically endangered
  • Endangered
  • Vulnerable
  • Lower risk
  • Data deficient
25
Q

What are some critically endangered marine mammal species?

A
  • Vaquita
  • North Atlantic Right Whale
  • Mediterranean Monk Seal
26
Q

What are the two categories of the ESA?

A
  1. Endangered
  2. Threatened
    IUCN Red List = threatened
27
Q

Describe an endangered species

A

Any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or part of its range (ex: Hawaiian Monk Seal)

28
Q

Describe a threatened species

A

Any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future (ex: bearded seal)

29
Q

What causes a marine mammal to be listed under the endangered species act?

A
  • Destruction of habitat
  • Overexploitation
  • Disease or predation
  • Inadequate regulatory protection
  • Case by case situations
30
Q

What is the purpose of the ESA?

A
  • Provide a means whereby ecosystems of threatened and endangered species may be conserved
  • Provide a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered species
  • Take steps to achieve purposes of relevant treaties and conventions
31
Q

What is a species under the ESA?

A

A species includes:
- Any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants
- Any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature
- Ex: southern resident killer whales

32
Q

How are “takes” regulated under the ESA?

A

Under the ESA “takes” of any endangered species are prohibited in the U.S, its territorial seas or the high seas

33
Q

What habitats are included in the ESA?

A
  • Any habitat modification that kills or injures wildlife
  • Sections 3 and 4 require the federal government to designate “critical habitat” for endangered and threatened species
  • Section 5 authorizes the federal government to acquire land for habitat protection (this very rarely happened)
34
Q

Describe the recovery plans required under the ESA

A
  • Section 4 directs the USFWS / NMFS to develop and implement a recovery plan unless a plan will not promote the conservation of a species
35
Q

What should a recovery plan consist of?

A

Recovery plans should identify specific tasks necessary to recover a species to a stage where it can be downlisted or delisted

36
Q

Who develops recovery plans under the ESA?

A
  • Species experts
  • Interested agencies
  • Organizations
  • Individuals who public review and comment
37
Q

Do large or small cetaceans have the highest proportion of endangered stocks

A

Large cetaceans

38
Q

What are some primary threats to the Hawaiian Monk Seal?

A
  • Starvation due to food limitation
  • Marine debris
  • Predation (sharks)
  • Human interaction
39
Q

What are some primary threats to Sei Whales?

A
  • Ship strikes
  • Entanglement in fishing gear
  • Reduced or displaced prey abundance
  • Illegal whaling
  • Anthropogenic noise
40
Q

What are some problems with the ESA?

A
  • Many species = listed too late resulting in “train wrecks” (hard to stop at the last minute)
  • Listing and delisting criteria = poorly defined
  • Much of the focus is on single, high profile, charismatic species
  • Critical habitat is rarely designated or protected
  • Funding is insufficient to achieve recovery
41
Q

What are some of the successes of the ESA?

A
  • Extinction of many species has been prevented
  • Delisting / downlisting of more than 20 species

MAR 370 (14 decks)

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