Population and Urbanization Flashcards
a sub-field of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution
demography
the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population
fertility
the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year
crude birthrate
the incidence of death in a population
mortality
the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year
crude death rate
the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency
migration
the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency
immigration
the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere
emigration
the biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household
population composition
the number of males for every hundred females in a given population
sex ratio
a graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age
population pyramid
- power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence [food] for man
- population growth inevitably surpasses the food supply, and the lack of food ultimately ends population growth and perhaps eliminates the existing population
malthusian perspective
overpopulation occurs because capitalists desire to have a surplus of workers in order to suppress wages and force workers concerned about losing their livelihoods to be more productive
marxist perspective
the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year
zero population growth
the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development
demographic transition
defined as the increasing number of people who live in cities or urban areas
urbanization
- a favorable physical environment
- an advanced technology
- a well-developed social organization
preconditions for city development
what do ecological models include?
concentric zone model
sector model
multiple nuclei model
contemporary urban ecology
the process by which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or type of land use
invasion
the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or type of land use
succession
the process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes move into a central-city area and renovate existing properties
gentrification
- both economic and political factors affect patterns of urban growth and decline
- urban space has both an exchange value and a use value
- both structure and agency are important in understanding how urban development takes place
political economy models
what are problems in global cities
- rapid population growth
- urban agglomeration
- rural-to-urban migration
the number of children a woman bears in her lifetime
2.1% in the US
replacement rate
the average number of years after birth a person can be expected to live
life expectancy
the number of years people can expect to live age 65 increases, and fertility rates drop below 2.1
aging society
the make up or composition of a population
population structure
