Population and the Environment and population ecology Flashcards
what is crude birth rate?
number of births per 1000 per year
what is Total fertility rate?
average number of births per woman
What is crude death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 per year
what is the equation for population change?
(births +immigration)- (deaths+ emigration)
what is birth and death rate reported as?
Birth and death rate is reported as the number/ 1000
when does zero population growth occur?
zero population growth occurs when births balance deaths
what is population distribution?
population distribution is the pattern of where people live. This can be considered at scales from local, regional to global
How do people effect the environment?
-burning fossil fuels
-creating urban areas
-cutting forest for wood
-flushing waste into rivers
-air pollution from vehicles
-overgrazing
-overcultivation
-overfishing
-microplastics in water system
How does the environment effect people?
-climate
-water availability
-shelter availability
-soil for plant growth
-natural disasters
what is fertility rate?
fertility rate is a measure of the ability of a population to replace itself. It is the number of children born in a population in a year, or the average number of children born to each woman during her lifetime. Rate needs to be 2.1.
What is longevity?
Longevity is the increase in life expectancy that occurs over time. In the UK we have an expected increase of 5 years over a 30 year life span
what is over population?
Over population is when there are too many people living in an area to be supported by the resources available
What is Natural change?
Natural change is the change in the size of a population due to the relationship between birth and death rates
What is infant mortality rate?
Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under the age of one year, expressed per thousand per year
What factors affect mortality?
- doctor : patient access
-lifestyle
-healthcare
-accidents
-level of air pollution in the area you live in
-conflicts
-quality of housing
-demographic- vaccines, age of population
disease in the region
what factors increase fertility?
-High infant mortality and death rate
-lack of healthcare, sanitation and good diet
-strong traditional lifestyle
-low female literacy
-younger age structure- youth bulge of child bearing females
-lower social class
low level of economic development
-strong religious influences- against contraception
-pro natalist policies
what is over population?
-over population is where there are too many people for the resources available in a given area
what is under population?
-under population is where the population size is lower than required to exploit the resources available fully in the area for economic growth
what is optimum population?
-optimum population is when there is a population size that is fully sustainable by achieving a balance of the amount of resources available and those required
what is carrying capacity?
-carrying capacity is the number and variety of species that can be supported and maintained in a given environment without degridation.
what is ecological footprint?
-ecological footprint is the impact a person, activity, village, region, country etc has on the earth’s biosphere as a result of consumption of resources and generation of waste
In what ways do we consume resources?
-energy- transport, food miles, heating, air conditioning
-consumer lifestyle- available tech, mineral extraction, waste products
In what ways does a large ecological footprint damage the environment?
-air pollution
-land degradation
water pollution
what is a negative feedback system?
- this is where the effect of an initial change reduces the factors responsible for the change and brings the system back towards stability.
what is a positive feedback system?
-this is where an initial change is amplified and goes on to magnify overtime moving the system further away from stability.
what is the Malthusian approach on population growths?
-population growth always results in negative consequences due to limited food supply and resources
-food supply grows arithmetically whereas population grows geometrically so populations outstrip food supply
-two outcomes of this are population/positive checks via disease war etc to increase deaths. the second is preventative/negative checks which reduce birth rate
-he believed restraints should apply to the poor
what is Boserup’s theory about population growth?
-acknowledges food supply doesn’t increase at the same rate as population
-humans adapt to a crisis to increase food levels when necessary.
-she developed the theory around the same time as the green revolution which increased food production in south east Asia in 1970’s
-economic developments in farming and other elements are evidence for this.
-“necessity is the mother of invention”
what is Simon’s theory on population growth?
-challenged the notion of Malthusian catastrophe
-inventiveness is the solution to peoples problems
-governments should not intervene in a crisis and should and leave it to the markets to create conditions where solutions emerge.
