Population and the Environment and population ecology

Question 1

what is crude birth rate?

Answer 1

number of births per 1000 per year

Question 2

what is Total fertility rate?

Answer 2

average number of births per woman

Question 3

What is crude death rate?

Answer 3

Number of deaths per 1000 per year

Question 4

what is the equation for population change?

Answer 4

(births +immigration)- (deaths+ emigration)

Question 5

what is birth and death rate reported as?

Answer 5

Birth and death rate is reported as the number/ 1000

Question 6

when does zero population growth occur?

Answer 6

zero population growth occurs when births balance deaths

Question 7

what is population distribution?

Answer 7

population distribution is the pattern of where people live. This can be considered at scales from local, regional to global

Question 8

How do people effect the environment?

Answer 8

-burning fossil fuels
-creating urban areas
-cutting forest for wood
-flushing waste into rivers
-air pollution from vehicles
-overgrazing
-overcultivation
-overfishing
-microplastics in water system

Question 9

How does the environment effect people?

Answer 9

-climate
-water availability
-shelter availability
-soil for plant growth
-natural disasters

Question 10

what is fertility rate?

Answer 10

fertility rate is a measure of the ability of a population to replace itself. It is the number of children born in a population in a year, or the average number of children born to each woman during her lifetime. Rate needs to be 2.1.

Question 11

What is longevity?

Answer 11

Longevity is the increase in life expectancy that occurs over time. In the UK we have an expected increase of 5 years over a 30 year life span

Question 12

what is over population?

Answer 12

Over population is when there are too many people living in an area to be supported by the resources available

Question 13

What is Natural change?

Answer 13

Natural change is the change in the size of a population due to the relationship between birth and death rates

Question 14

What is infant mortality rate?

Answer 14

Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under the age of one year, expressed per thousand per year

Question 15

What factors affect mortality?

Answer 15

• doctor : patient access
  -lifestyle
  -healthcare
  -accidents
  -level of air pollution in the area you live in
  -conflicts
  -quality of housing
  -demographic- vaccines, age of population
  disease in the region

Question 16

what factors increase fertility?

Answer 16

-High infant mortality and death rate
-lack of healthcare, sanitation and good diet
-strong traditional lifestyle
-low female literacy
-younger age structure- youth bulge of child bearing females
-lower social class
low level of economic development
-strong religious influences- against contraception
-pro natalist policies

Question 17

what is over population?

Answer 17

-over population is where there are too many people for the resources available in a given area

Question 18

what is under population?

Answer 18

-under population is where the population size is lower than required to exploit the resources available fully in the area for economic growth

Question 19

what is optimum population?

Answer 19

-optimum population is when there is a population size that is fully sustainable by achieving a balance of the amount of resources available and those required

Question 20

what is carrying capacity?

Answer 20

-carrying capacity is the number and variety of species that can be supported and maintained in a given environment without degridation.

Question 21

what is ecological footprint?

Answer 21

-ecological footprint is the impact a person, activity, village, region, country etc has on the earth’s biosphere as a result of consumption of resources and generation of waste

Question 22

In what ways do we consume resources?

Answer 22

-energy- transport, food miles, heating, air conditioning
-consumer lifestyle- available tech, mineral extraction, waste products

Question 23

In what ways does a large ecological footprint damage the environment?

Answer 23

-air pollution
-land degradation
water pollution

Question 24

what is a negative feedback system?

Answer 24

• this is where the effect of an initial change reduces the factors responsible for the change and brings the system back towards stability.

Question 25

what is a positive feedback system?

Answer 25

-this is where an initial change is amplified and goes on to magnify overtime moving the system further away from stability.

Question 26

what is the Malthusian approach on population growths?

Answer 26

-population growth always results in negative consequences due to limited food supply and resources -food supply grows arithmetically whereas population grows geometrically so populations outstrip food supply -two outcomes of this are population/positive checks via disease war etc to increase deaths. the second is preventative/negative checks which reduce birth rate -he believed restraints should apply to the poor

Question 27

what is Boserup's theory about population growth?

Answer 27

-acknowledges food supply doesn't increase at the same rate as population -humans adapt to a crisis to increase food levels when necessary. -she developed the theory around the same time as the green revolution which increased food production in south east Asia in 1970's -economic developments in farming and other elements are evidence for this. -"necessity is the mother of invention"

Question 28

what is Simon's theory on population growth?

Answer 28

-challenged the notion of Malthusian catastrophe -inventiveness is the solution to peoples problems -governments should not intervene in a crisis and should and leave it to the markets to create conditions where solutions emerge.