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Geography > Population and The Environment > Flashcards

Population and The Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Define population distribution.

A

The pattern of where people live, for example 94% of Chinese population live in eastern part of country, western part covered by mountains and desert

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2
Q

Define population density

A

Population of an area divided by size of that area
Bangladesh - 1200 people/km^2
Libya - 4 people/km^2

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3
Q

What was the population increase in England and Wales?

A

Grew from 9.4 million in 1801, to 32.5 million in 1901

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4
Q

What was the Neolithic Revolution?

A

12,000 years ago, Western Asia and Eastern China developed agriculture, so food supply became more reliable

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5
Q

What is commercial farming?

A

Production of crops/livestock for profit, high agricultural productivity, more common in HICs

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6
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Just enough food grown to feed family, low agricultural productivity, more common in LICs

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7
Q

What is intensive farming?

A

As much as possible is produced from land, capital or labour intensive

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8
Q

Describe the method of extensive farming

A

Low capital and labour inputs, small numbers of livestock on large areas of land

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9
Q

What is nomadic farming?

A

Farmers move from place to place to grow crops/graze livestock for example sub-Saharan African countries

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10
Q

What is the composition of Podzols?

A

Top layer of needles, heather leaf litter.
Below this, narrow acidic topsoil, this layer leached by water
Water dissolves iron and aluminium compounds, creates pale layer of quartz sand and silt
Bottom layer, minerals accumulate, reddish-brown layer, ‘hard pan’ of deposited iron.

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11
Q

What is the composition of Latosol soils?

A

Top layer, year-round plant growth, thick, vegetation absorbs nutrients instead of soil
Therefore, next layer very thin
Leaching of silicate minerals from bottom layer, less soluble iron and aluminium compounds left behind, red colour

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12
Q

How have Inuit people adapted to the cold, polar climate of the Arctic?

A

Built stone houses into hillside, insulated by snow and turf

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13
Q

How have major cities adapted in arid climates?

A

Las Vegas, Mojave Desert, water from Lake Mead, reservoir created by huge dam at Colorado River, 90% of water supply

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14
Q

What is one way to increase food security?

A

Reduce waste through campaigns on consumption, ‘Think.Eat.Save’, encourages people to be less wasteful, and use leftovers

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15
Q

Describe Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition.

A

Age of pestilence or famine, high number of deaths from infectious diseases, life expectancy around 50 years
Angola

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16
Q

Describe Stage 2 of the epidemiological transition.

A

Age of reducing pandemics, deaths from infectious diseases falls due to better living conditions and health care, life expectancy 60 years
Haiti

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17
Q

Describe Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition model.

A

Age of degenerative and man made diseases, non-communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as main cause of death, life expectancy around 70 years
Russia

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18
Q

Describe Stage 4? of the epidemiological transition model?

A

Delay of degenerative diseases? Non-communicable diseases prevented, onset delayed, better treatment, life expectancy around 80 years
UK

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19
Q

What are the main causes, problems and management of water-logging?

A

Soils with few airspaces fill with water quickly
Plant roots surrounded by water, can limit growth and cause rotting
Avoid over-watering

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20
Q

What are the main causes, problems and management of salinisation?

A

High temperature draws water to surface, evaporates leaving salts
Salt can stop crops absorbing water
Avoid water-logging

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21
Q

What are the main causes, problems and, management to do with structural deterioration of soil?

A

Use of heavy machinery and trampling livestock
Compact soils make it difficult to plant crops
Move livestock regularly

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22
Q

What affect can precipitation have on disease vectors?

A

Higher than average rainfall can increase vectors, for example ticks that carry Lyme disease.

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23
Q

What affect can temperature have on vectors?

A

Many disease vectors can only survive above certain temperatures, mosquitoes carrying dengue fever need a winter temperature above 10.

24
Q

What mental health problems are common in Arctic areas?

A

Little daylight, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

25
Q

What problem can little sunlight cause?

A

Vitamin D deficiency, bone loss, kidney disease and intestinal problems

26
Q

How does the type of relief affect disease?

A

Standing water collects at low points, mosquitoes breed here bringing yellow fever.
Urine from animals can collect and become concentrated, leptospirosis

27
Q

How many deaths a year are caused by urban air pollution?

A

1.2 million

28
Q

How many deaths and what diseases can poor water quality cause?

A

3.4 million deaths every year, hepatitis A can lead to liver disease, fever and nausea, and cholera can lead to diarrhoea and dehydration.

29
Q

Name two successful WHO projects?

A

Global immunisation campaign against smallpox, 1966-1980, eradicated.
Coordinated response to outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, increased treatment centres, helped to find vaccine and prevented transmission.

30
Q

Give an example of an NGO who provide emergency medical assistance in struggling communities.

A

Médecins Sans Frontières who provide vaccinations and surgery in war torn areas, and work with local health care professionals providing extra training and equipment.

31
Q

Give an example of an NGO battling cancer.

A

Test Cancer Sooner campaign in 2015, UK government committed more funding to NHS, patients diagnosed as early as possible, better chance of recovery.

32
Q

How do roles of women in society affect population demographics?

A

In Uk nearly half of labour force are women, less likely to have big families, fertility rate in Uk is only 1.89.

33
Q

How do attitudes towards marriage affect population?

A

In Niger, three quarters of girls are married before 18, fertility rate highest in world, 6.6 children per woman

34
Q

How do religious beliefs affect fertility?

A

Catholic Church condemns contraception. East Timor, 98% of population is Catholic. Fertility rate around 5 children per woman.

35
Q

What stage of the DTM is the Uk in and why is it placed here?

A

Stage 4
Education is compulsory and most people stay until they are 18, women don’t tend to have children until after education, fertility rate of 1.9.

36
Q

What are female roles in the workforce like in the Uk?

A

Female participation in the workforce is high, 70% of working age women have a job. In 2015, the average age a woman had her first child was 28.6 years.

37
Q

What are the statistics behind births in the Uk?

A

84% of women used 16-49 use contraception. Low infant mortality rate of 4.3 deaths per thousand live births

38
Q

What is the life expectancy in the Uk?

A

78.5 years for men, 83 years for women

39
Q

What stage of the DTM is Uganda in and why?

A

Stage 2 of the DTM. 5.8 children per woman, mean age a mother gives birth is 18.9.

40
Q

What are the statistics behind births in Uganda?

A

In 2015, only 34.3% of couples used contraception. Infant mortality high, 57.6 births per 1000 births

41
Q

How many people have fled Syria and why?

A

Over 5 million Syrian people have fled their country since war in 2011. Many refugees have moved to nearby countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

42
Q

Give an example where language has affected migration?

A

Angolan migrant move to Brazil because they both speak Portuguese.

43
Q

What is the difference between ecological footprint in the Uk compared to Zambia?

A

Uk, 5 gha, while Zambia 1 gha

44
Q

What have the UN predicted about increasing population?

A

If the global population reaches 9.6 billion by 2050, almost three planets worth of natural resources would be required.

45
Q

What was Malthus’ theory about population growth in the future and what was the problem with it?

A

Population grows exponentially while food production only arithmetically. Too many people for food available, population size reduced by famine, war and disease.
However food production has increased rapidly due to advances in texhnology

46
Q

What was the Neo-Malthusians theories, and why do some people disagree?

A

Rapid population growth is an obstacle to development and must be slowed. Continued growth would lead to a dramatic decline in economic growth within 100 years. Some people think there are enough resources to support bigger populations, the only problem is distribution.

47
Q

What was Boserup’s theory and what were the flaws behind her’s?

A

However big world’s population grew, people would always provide sufficient food. Farming becomes more intensive, population growth encourages new methods and technology. Uncertain whether food production will be able to keep with rapid population growth.

48
Q

What was Simon’s theory and the problems behind it?

A

Population increases positive for humanity, ‘ultimate resource’, human mind would enough intelligent people to overcome problems. However, quality of life has not improved in some countries.

49
Q

What are the health risks due to ozone depletion?

A

Skin cancer, 2012 caused about 55,000 deaths worldwide.

20 million people blind, 20% of cataracts caused by overexposure to UV radiation.

50
Q

What impact will climate change have on diet?

A

Changes to diet resulting from climate change will cause over 500,000 deaths in 2050

51
Q

What is a major factor in driving population change?

A

Decreasing fertility rate, fell from 4.98 in 1960, to 2.45 in 2015. Slowing rate of population growth but still high enough to increase population overall.

52
Q

What demographic change will Africa experience by 2050?

A

Most rapid population growth, population expected to double from 1.17 billion in 2015 to 2.47 billion in 2050.

53
Q

How will Asia’s population change?

A

Will still make up majority of population. Increase from 4.4 billion to 5.3 billion

54
Q

What will happen to Europe’s population?

A

Only continent where population expected to decrease from 742 million, to 728 million.

55
Q

What is one surprising prediction the UN have made?

A

Predicts Nigeria will grow from seventh to third most populous country by 2050, fastest growing population in world.

Geography (26 decks)

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