Population and Social Structure/ Demographic Flashcards
One of the main reasons for Russia’s significant population growth was due to a ‘____ ___ of ____’
One of the main reasons for Russia’s significant population growth was due to a ‘natural rate of growth’
Between 1858-1960, populations grew by:
- In total: ___ million
- In towns: __%
Between 1858-1960 (basically over the entire period), populations grew by:
- In total: 138 million
- In towns: 43%
The biggest spurts of population growth occured between:
- 18__ and 19__
- 19__ and 19__ (the ____-____ period)
These saw rising ____ rates rather than a fall in ____ rates.
The biggest spurts of population growth occured between:
- 1870 and 1914
- 1919 and 1941 (the inter-war period)
These saw rising birth rates rather than a fall in death rates.
Rising birth rates were stimulated by ____ (Witte’s ‘____ ____’ and the ____ ____ ____)
This was because it gave the prospect of regular ____ and therefore slightly higher levels of real ____.
Therefore, there was a tendency for people to marry ____ and have more ____, as it was more affordable.
Rising birth rates were stimulated by industrialisation (Witte’s ‘Great Spurt’ and the Five Year Plans)
This was because it gave the prospect of regular employment and therefore slightly higher levels of real income.
Therefore, there was a tendency for people to marry earlier and have more children, as it was more affordable.
Industrialisation caused a rise in death rates because of a rise in ____ ____ problems.
Other factors that caused greater mortality rates were the ____ and Stalin’s ____
Industrialisation caused a rise in death rates because of a rise in public health problems.
Other factors that caused greater mortality rates were the wars and Stalin’s purges
Industrialisation led to ____
Industrialisation led to urbanisation
Urbanisation lowered/ limited:
- ____ standards
- Availability of ____
Urbanisation lowered/ limited:
- Living standards
- Availability of housing
Government policies that changed population and demographics:
- ____ - Emancipation - could marry ____, so more ____
- ____ ____ - Peasants given civil marriage - more ____
- ____ - abortion legalised - ____ in birth rates - changed to only in ____ ____ circumstances - birth rates ____ again
- ____ - ‘Distinctions to Mother Heriones’ - significant ____ benefits to mothers of __ or more children
- ____ - abortion fully legalised - ____ in birth rates
Government policies that changed population and demographics:
- 1861 - Emancipation - could marry anyone, so more babies
- October 1917 - Peasants given civil marriage - more divorces
- 1926 - abortion legalised - fall in birth rates - changed to only in life-threatening circumstances - birth rates rose again
- 1944 - ‘Distinctions to Mother Heriones’ - significant financial benefits to mothers of 10 or more children
- 1955 - abortion fully legalised - fall in birth rates
Tsarist social structure:
- Tsars and nobility = _%
- ‘Burgeoning middle-class and clergy’ = about __% of the population in 1897, _ million by 1914
- Peasantry = __% (even by ___)
Tsarist social structure:
- Tsars and nobility = 2%
- ‘Burgeoning middle-class and clergy’ = about 17% of the population in 1897, 2 million by 1914
- Peasantry = 80% (even by WWI)
At the beginning of the 20th century, the high percentage of peasants meant that __% of the population was still dependant on agriculture.
Shows how ____ and ____ compared to the West Russia was, who had much higher ____ ____ population
At the beginning of the 20th century, the high percentage of peasants meant that 80% of the population was still dependant on agriculture.
Shows how backwards and underdeveloped compared to the West Russia was, who had much higher industrial worker population
By October 1917, there had been a good deal of ____ migration.
There was also the emergence of an ‘____ of ____’ - individuals who had developed special ____ and offered their services as teams, or ____
By October 1917, there had been a good deal of urban migration.
There was also the emergence of an ‘aristocracy of labour’ - individuals who had developed special skills and offered their services as teams, or artels (kind of like ‘artisans’?)
While being small (_ million by 1914) and divided between the ____ and ____ classes, the middle-class still posed an increasing ____ to the ____ of the nobility and aristocracy.
While being small (2 million by 1914) and divided between the commercial and professional classes, the middle-class still posed an increasing threat to the power of the nobility and aristocracy.
The nobility and aristocracy were in relative ____, due to extravagant ____ and the rise of the ____ ____.
Sold land to pay off debts:
- Mid-1870s - nobility owned ___ million acres
- By 1917 - fell to about ___ million acres
__% of this was through peasant purchase.
The nobility and aristocracy were in relative decline, due to extravagant spending and the rise of the middle classes.
Sold land to pay off debts:
- Mid-1870s - nobility owned 200 million acres
- By 1917 - fell to about 140 million acres
90% of this was through peasant purchase.
Under the communists there was:
- A ____ beaurocracy led by a small ____
- ____ rankings among workers
- Some considered ____ ____ and given ____ (if toed ____ ____)
- 1930s - about _._ million workers promoted to managerial positions
More ____ than ____
Under the communists there was:
- A hierarchical beaurocracy led by a small elite
-
Status rankings among workers
- Some considered technical experts and given privileges (if toed party line)
- 1930s - about 1.5 million workers promoted to managerial positions
More continuity than change