Culture

Question 1

Culture was an important ____ ____ for the Tsars; achievements could be fed into a sense of ____ ____ and ____ of themselves and their subjects.

Answer 1

Culture was an important political weapon for the Tsars; achievements could be fed into a sense of national pride and superiority of themselves and their subjects.

Question 2

The granduer of the palaces and royal architecture was a visual expression of ____

Answer 2

The granduer of the palaces and royal architecture was a visual expression of autocracy

Question 3

The state offered ____ under the tsars, and music, art, and theatre all developed

Alex III established an ____ ____

Answer 3

The state offered patronage under the tsars, and music, art, and theatre all developed

Alex III established an art gallery

Question 4

Theatrical performances, linked to music, saw a ____ ____:

• The ____ ____ and ____ provided compositions by ____, ____ etc.

Answer 4

Theatrical performances, linked to music, saw a golden age:

• The Imperial Opera and Ballet provided compositions by Tchiakovsky, Stravinsky etc.

Question 5

Tsars: Innovation was not ____, and ____ ____ was at the forefront of this as the nobility wanted to keep ahead of fashions

Answer 5

Tsars: Innovation was not discouraged, and elite patrongage was at the forefront of this as the nobility wanted to keep ahead of fashions

Question 6

The atmosphere of Tsarist art seems to ____ the problems of the era.

Tchiakovsky and Chekov seem to show a ____ and ____ feeling, with ____ at the core as the former’s first and last symphonies seem to ____ very little.

Answer 6

The atmosphere of Tsarist art seems to bely the problems of the era.

Tchiakovsky and Chekov seem to show a sombre and depressed feeling, with conservatism at the core as the former’s first and last symphonies seem to vary very little.

Question 7

Art, music, and architecture had a strong ___ influence under the tsars - as a result their creativity was ____ by the tsars.

____ influences on art and music were very pronounced, which is unsurprising in the latter Tsarist period considering the amount of ____ support provided by them.

Answer 7

Art, music, and architecture had a strong western influence under the tsars - as a result their creativity was stunted by the tsars.

French influences on art and music were very pronounced, which is unsurprising in the latter Tsarist period considering the amount of financial support provided by them.

Question 8

Checkov’s plays (such as ‘The ____ ____’) seemed to not ____ a new world but _____ on/ ____ the ____ of an old world.

However, the Tsars did not ____ this; willing to allow freedom of ____ in culture as long as it did not amount to ____ ____

Answer 8

Checkov’s plays (such as ‘The Cherry Orchard’) seemed to not celebrate a new world but reflect on/ mourn the passing of an old world.

However, the Tsars did not force this; willing to allow freedom of expression in culture as long as it did not amount to political opposition

Question 9

There is a marked similarity in tsarist and Leninist culture in that they both saw ____ artistic life

Answer 9

There is a marked similarity in tsarist and Leninist culture in that they both saw flourishing artistic life

Question 10

The main difference between Tsarist and Leninist culture was that in the latter’s, art was ____.

The best artists such as Dimitri ____ made Soviet ____ works of art, and cinema was used to take ____ to the ____ in the way the Tsars never could.

Answer 10

The main difference between Tsarist and Leninist culture was that in the latter’s, art was politicised

The best artists such as Dimitri Moor made Soviet posters works of art, and cinema was used to take propaganda to the countryside in the way the Tsars never could.

Question 11

Under Lenin there was a much more ____ tone to art.

Those that did not want to do so moved ____, such as R____

Answer 11

Under Lenin there was a much more positive tone to art.

Those that did not want to do so moved aborad, such as Rakhmaninov

Question 12

However, under Lenin traditionalists simply put a more ____ ____ on late Tsarist music

Answer 12

However, under Lenin traditionalists simply put a more positive spin on late Tsarist music

Question 13

____ or ____ art was turned into posters to exhort support for the Bolsheviks.

Buildings were created with the ____ of the people in mind rather than the ____ of the past.

____ iconography - focus on ____ i.e. using ____ materials like ____

‘____’ architecture

Answer 13

Cubism or abstract art was turned into posters to exhort support for the Bolsheviks.

Buildings were created with the needs of the people in mind rather than the granduer of the past.

Industrial iconography - focus on modernism i.e. using industrial materials like concrete

‘Constructivist’ architecture

Question 14

There was clear ____ control on what could be produced through ‘____’, but like the tsars this mainly focused on preventing ____ than outright persecution of what was deemed ‘____’

Answer 14

There was clear political control on what could be produced through ‘Agritprop’, but like the tsars this mainly focused on preventing opposition than outright persecution of what was deemed ‘degenerate’

Question 15

A ‘____ ____’ began with the demise of the NEP and there was a return to ____ ____ with the start of the Five Year Plans.

It laster between 19__-__ and was known as the ‘____ ____’

Answer 15

A ‘socialist offensive’ began with the demise of the NEP and there was a return to class warefare with the start of the Five Year Plans.

It laster between 1932-34 and was known as the

‘Cultural Revolution’

Question 16

The ‘Cultural Revolution’:

Non-Marxists deemed ‘____’ were denounced at ____, and ____ schools and ____ ____ were denounced to try and find a ‘____’ approach to the fields

Answer 16

The ‘Cultural Revolution’:

Non-Marxists deemed ‘bourgeousie’ were denounced at universities, and architecture schools and town planning were denounced to try and find a ‘proletarian’ approach to the fields

Question 17

‘Cultural Revolution’:

Komsomol members ____ ‘bourgeois’ plays and ____ painters and writers who did not follow the ____ ____.

They attacked ____ in the villages and went ____ than the leadership wanted gaining a ____ of their own.

Ultimately they became another tool of ____ ____ with the ____.

Answer 17

‘Cultural Revolution’:

Komsomol members booed ‘bourgeois’ plays and criticised painters and writers who did not follow the agitprop line

They attacked religion in the villages and went further than the leadership wanted gaining a momentum of their own.

Ultimately they became another tool of internal espionage with the NKVD

Question 18

In 19__, art was put under the control of the Association of ____ ____

• Encouraged ____-____ artists
• Drove out ____ style ____ artists

Answer 18

In 1931, art was put under the control of the Association of Proletarian Artists

• Encouraged working-class artists
• Drove out old style realist artists

Question 19

In 19__, the ____ Association of ____ ____ (____) was set up

• Fought deviations in literature that did not focus on ____ ____ and ____ ____
• ‘Artistic ____’ were set up to sing the praises of ____ and ____

Answer 19

In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) was set up

• Fought deviations in literature that did not focus on socialist contruction and class struggle
• ‘Artistic Brigades’ were set up to sing the praises of industralisation and collectivisation

Question 20

‘Cultural Revolution’:

Cinema was constricted to providing a ___ story and plot that educated people on how to deal with everyday problems in ____ or ____ - freedom of expression was ____

It was ____

Answer 20

‘Cultural Revolution’:

Cinema was constricted to providing a simple story and plot that educated people on how to deal with everyday problems in industry or agriculture - freedom of expression was stifled

It was didactic

Question 21

Socialist realism was introduced after Stalin proclaimed a ____ ____ to the ‘Cultural Revolution’

(in reality it was after all opposing forms of art and culture had been ____)

Answer 21

Socialist realism was introduced after Stalin proclaimed a successful end to the ‘Cultural Revolution’

(in reality it was after all opposing forms of art and culture had been eradicated)

Question 22

Socialist Realism:

Stalin returned to Lenin’s main idea that ____ forms of art would educate the people on the ____ of ____

The leading propaganda figure Z____ hoped that art would show the people ____ ____ of the future, using men and women as shining ____

Answer 22

Socialist Realism:

Stalin returned to Lenin’s main idea that all forms of art would educate the people on the spirit of communism

The leading propaganda figure Zhadanov hoped that art would show the people successful visions of the future, using men and women as shining examples

Question 23

Socialist realism:

Art was filled with ____ and ____ ____ surrounded by ____ collectives of men and women with tables loaded full of ____.

Similar pictures were made of ____ output.

Answer 23

Socialist realism:

Art was filled with tractors and combine harvesters surrounded by happy collectives of men and women with tables loaded full of food.

Similar pictures were made of industrial output.

Question 24

Socialist realism:

Museum directors received ____ is they exceeded targets for ____ which was a huge incentive to organise ____ ____ and expose more people to socialist realism

(although often they ended up just ____ people up off the ____, and then quickly ____ them ____ again - the ____ of the artwork didn’t necessarily come across)

Answer 24

Socialist realism:

Museum directors received bonuses is they exceeded targets for visitors which was a huge incentive to organise mass visits and expose more people to socialist realism

(although often they ended up just rounding people up off the street, and then quickly getting them out again - the message of the artwork didn’t necessarily come across)

Question 25

Socialist realism:

Although RAPP was abolished for being too ____ and non-party members led the new Union of ____ ____ (19__) there was no freedom of ____ and most artistic figures feared for their ____.

Answer 25

Socialist realism:

Although RAPP was abolished for being too narrow and non-party members led the new Union of Soviet Writers (1934) there was no freedom of expression and most artistic figures feared for their lives.

Question 26

Socialist realism:

Books and stories focused around ____ and ____ being met against ____ obstacles.

In 19__, the most popular book taken out of the M____ library was called The Great ____ ____

Answer 26

Socialist realism:

Books and stories focused around construction and targets being met against beaurocratic obstacles.

In 1934, the most popular book taken out of the Magnitogorsk library was called The Great Conveyor Belt

Question 27

Socialist realism:

Cinema was used widely, and Stalin was often portrayed as the main hero in the ____ ____. They also depicted socialist realism stories of ____ and attacks on ____.

In reality though mass audiences preffered ____ rather than ____’s Soviet films if they had the chance to see them.

Answer 27

Socialist realism:

Cinema was used widely, and Stalin was often portrayed as the main hero in the Civil War. They also depicted socialist realism stories of production and attacks on wreckers.

In reality though mass audiences preffered Hollywood rather than Einsenstein’s Soviet films if they had the chance to see them.

Question 28

Khrushchev was eager to ___ Stalinist control over culture and allowed people like S____ back into Soviet life after Stalin had respressed him.

S____ was very populat after making a symphony that kept people going during the ____ of ____ (19__-__) and thus was a ____ to Stalin as the ‘____’ of the Great Patriotic Struggle.

Also the symphony harkened back to a more ____ style of music - further proves there was not a ‘____ ____’

Answer 28

Khrushchev was eager to relax Stalinist control over culture and allowed people like Shokastovich back into Soviet life after Stalin had respressed him.

Shokastovich was very populat after making a symphony that kept people going during the Seige of Leningrad (1941-44) and thus was a threat to Stalin as the ‘hero’ of the Great Patriotic Struggle.

Also the symphony harkened back to a more traditional style of music - further proves there was not a ‘Cultural Revolution’

Question 29

Khrushchev also allowed a degree of ____ ____ to be created.

However, he realised he ____ it while being shown around the M____ Exhibit December 1st 19__, and launched ____ ____on the artists that were present.

Answer 29

Khrushchev also allowed a degree of modern art to be created.

However, he realised he hated it while being shown around the Menage Exhibit December 1st 1962, and launched scathing attacks on the artists that were present.

“It’s a pity, of course, that your mother is dead, but maybe it’s lucky for her that she can’t see how her son is spending his time.”

Question 30

Khrushchev allowed novels criticising the ____ regime to be published.

However, he curbed literary freedom in 19__ shortly after Alexander S___’s harrowing account of time in the Stalinist Gulags - A Day in the Life of Ivan D____ - was published.

This clearly was ____ and ____ the idea that Khrushchev would allow freedom of expression (possibly because ____ were still being used by Khrushchev/ current members of the party had played a ____ ____ in their running)

Answer 30

Khrushchev allowed novels criticising the Stalinist regime to be published.

However, he curbed literary freedom in 1962 shortly after Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s harrowing account of time in the Stalinist Gulags - A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich - was published.

This clearly was contradictory, and belied the idea that Khrushchev would allow freedom of expression (possibly because Gulags were still being used by Khrushchev/ current members of the party had played a key role in their running)