Population And Environment Flashcards
1
Q
Distribution across the world ?
A
- heavily concentrated around Europe
- Africa’s population is scattered with few in desert regions
- Asia population lying almost solidly in China and India with many of that population around the coast
- water deficit places usually higher up
- equatorial water deficit due to hot climate
- population sparse in NA
2
Q
How much of the usable Land on earth is used to grow food ?
A
Half
3
Q
How many people did the FAO say were undernourished between 2014-2016?
A
780 million
4
Q
What is obesity ?
A
Over consumption
5
Q
How is obesity defined in BMI?
A
Above 30
6
Q
Estimated population be 2050 UN?
A
9.6 Billion
7
Q
How much do the poorest in the developing world spend on food ?
A
60-80% of income
8
Q
Causes of obesity ?
A
Low income= cheap carbs = coronary heart disease
-Sub Saharan Africa has had the second biggest increase in kcal per person per day
9
Q
How many calories do industrialised countries consume ?
A
1000 more calories a day than required
10
Q
What is the double burden of nutrition ?
A
Food deficit = undernourished = starvation
High calories = malnourished
11
Q
What does average calorie intake help see ?
A
Which countries have better access to food which suggests better food security
12
Q
Food security is?
A
When people have enough affordable and nutritious food to it
13
Q
What countries produce what food ?
A
Asian = cereal crops
South Africa = most oil crops
NA = most course grain
14
Q
Every 1 degree rise in global temp = ??
A
10% decline in agricultural production
15
Q
Environmental variables affecting agriculture ?
A
- soil types need to be ideal e.g clay absorbs 3 x it’s size in water = ideal for rice paddies
- soil erosion from wind
- el minis creates drought = wind eroding farmers topsoil
Waterlogging
16
Q
2 types of waterlogging ? And what is it
A
Soil pores filled up by water rather than oxygen = work in anaerobic conditions = roots decompose and die
Surface-fed
- when precipitation exceed evapotranspiration and percolation so water stays on soil surface
Groundwater-fed
- caused when rate of rising ground water is not matched by rate of evapotranspiration = natural rise in ground water e.g Tewkesbury
17
Q
What are zonal soils ?
A
Soils that take hundreds of years to form, made of weathered rock, organic material and water
18
Q
What is soil type dependent on ?
A
- biota
- parent material
- rainfall
- temp
Topography
- e.g more acidic soils in slopes as more carbonic acid in rain runs through the same soil
19
Q
Strategies to ensure food security ?
A
- improving agricultural activity in family farmers
- green revolution (higher-yielding variety of seeds)
- progress in education and research
- CAP offering subsidies to encourage farming
- GM crops leading to NA nearly eradication severe food security
- FAO estimates 150 million preempted falling into extreme poverty due to expansion of social protection
20
Q
Green revolution ?
A
- 1960’s countries cross bred to increase crop yields
- Mexico wheat and maize strains bred to withstand heavy rain etc… wheat yields tripled
- animals cross-bred to withstand aridity
- miracle rice IR8 = 6 food increase yield
- agrochemicals significant
- fertilisers doubles in yields in tropical areas
21
Q
Method of improvement in food waste and conservation ?
A
- improvement of crop storage and handling to reduce wastage
- soil conservation methods
E.g contour ploughing
22
Q
Problems with green revolution ?
A
Costs associated with new seeds was v high e.g poor farmers taking out loans to buy new seeds and feet but were unable to pay back the loans and went into debt + sale of land
23
Q
Gene revolution ?
A
- GM involved in taking DNA from one species and combining with other desirable crop traits
- Botanic gardens cultivate crop relatives in order to create more biodiverse crop types and therefore more resistant to climate threats
24
Q
What is soil ?
A
Mixture of minerals dom and water and broke down rock from acidic rain
25
What symbiotic trio relationship is soil dependent on ?
Climate - temperature effects detrial cycle, biota effects soils and biota effect climate
26
How does the Derrick cycle help soil ?
Organic content loved u and down by biota
- water is illuviated from soil as evaporation happens which can be brought up which brings rich minerals that may be toxic to the soil
27
Level of soil degradation globally ?
33% which is a potential threat to food security =poverty
28
5 essential functions of soil ?
Cycling nutrients
Regulating water
Sustaining plant and animal life
Physical stability
Filtering and buffering potential pollutant
29
Causes of erosion in soil ?
- soil breakdown is rare under natural conditions
- agriculture is common to breakdown soil, compaction of heavy machinery = inpenetrable for water and roots
- deforestation means rain washes topsoil away making local water sources muddy killing fish
- wind blowing it away
30
What are ways farmers out nutrients back into soil ?
Fertilisers, crop rotation, leguminous crop harnessing nitrogen soil
31
Ways to prevent soil erosion ?
- afforestation, wind breaks = effective but long term creates root interference
- contour farming,
Reduces overland flow, helps save topsoil, soil compact still a problem as heavy machinery used
32
Climate change effect on crops ?
Positives
- warmer temps and increased CO2 increased productivity = linger growing seasons and faster maturation rates
Negatives
- drought crop damage
- planning problems as less reliable forecast
- increased weeds and torrential rain/storms
- effects food prices and agricultural livelihoods
33
Soil profiles tropical red latosol ?
Horizon types
```
0= top layer
A= called ‘top soil’ has organic matter
B = subsoil not much organic
C = has lots of large rocks mixed with soil
D = bedrock lying beneath the soil
```
34
Differences between tropical red latosol and podsol?
Tr is about 30 meters compared to 1 meter
TR created fast due to hot climate
PS acidic dark washed humus from above
Subsoil
TR - iron oxides giving red colour
ps - sandy as finer materials washed downwards
35
Infant mortality rate ?
Number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 births per year
36
Carrying capacity ?
Maximum population that can be supported by a given environment over a sustained period of time
37
Fertility rate ?
Average number of children a woman is expected to give Birth to
38
Replacement rate ?
Rate at which the population is replacing itself
39
Replacement level ?
Number of children needed per woman to maintain population size
40
Net reproduction rate ?
Measure of average number of daughters produced by a woman in reproductive lifetime
41
Absolute over population ?
Living standards remains low after after absolute development of resources
42
Relative over population?
Present level of production is inadequate but greater production is possible
43
How does the DTM plot people ?
All’s countries according to population and wealth
44
Stage 1 in DTM
| ?
High B and D rates
- population checked by war and famine
E.g south east Asia
45
Stage 2 in DTM ?
B rates high but D rates decrease
- economic growth but lack of birth control
- poorest LICs e.g Mali
46
Stage 3 of DTM ?
Birth control
- B rates fall
- economic growth, more women emancipated
- population growth becoming progressively slower
47
Stage 4 DTM ?
B and D rates fluctuate around a level associated with periods of economic and recession many of richest countries in this stage
48
Stage 5 DTM?
- B rates fall for economic reasons and death rates rise as result of ageing population, includes worlds most economically developed countries e.g Japan
49
Limitations of the DTM ?
Eurocentric
( western conception of development)
- many developing countries don’t fit the model due to population policies despite economic progress
- based on experience of industrialised countries so not relevant to to others
- doesn’t include influences of migration
- no time scale
- needs a 5th stage
50
What does assymetry indicate in pop pyramids ?
Difference between men and women
51
Concave sides ?
High death rate
52
Convex sides
Low death rate
53
Advantages of youthful and ageing populations ?
Ageing
- adds exp to workforce
- growing the market for leisure products
- construction boom in retirement locations
Youthful
- large cheap workforce
- growing market for manufactured goods
- provides large tax base for country
54
Disadvantages of ageing populations? And solutions
Ageing
- pension costs
- healthcare and housing with proportionally small workforce
- youth caring for elderly harming countries competitiveness
Solutions
- abolish stage pensions
- raise retirement age
- increase taxes
55
Disadvantages of youthful populations and their solutions ?
- strain on education and health services
- strain on food supplies
Solutions.
- industrialisation providing jobs
- family planning
56
Health ?
Physical, mental and social wellbeing e.g life expectancy
57
Regional variations of health in UK
North south divide
North
- 25% Blackpool women smoke when pregnant compared to 5% in London
- more unemployment hotspots
- life expectancy gap, some places in north have a 15 year gap compared to the south
South
- high rates of drug abuse and breast cancer
- Cornwall, higher rates of skin cancer
- urban areas have higher rates of lung cancer
58
Problems with north south divide argument ?
- too simplified, maybe look at smaller scale e.g city... through London a 20 min drive sees a 12 year gap in life expectancy
- where’s the line draw between north and south
- dependent on what factors we analyse when looking at health
- based in stereotypical wealth and education
59
Factors influencing health and morbidity ?
Education
- better understanding of health risks + technological advancements, public health England
Income
- affording healthcare, sanitation and food security, poor lifestyle = higher chance of cheap carbs and obesity
Age
- ageing population = higher dependency ratio = more NCDs
Occupation
- linked to income
- HICs more sedentary Jobs = obesity, LICs more laborious = less H+S
Environment and population
- urban areas = high air pollution = lung cancer + respiratory diseases e.g Beijing
- water supply, cholera
- ozone layer higher risk of skin cancer
Gender
- women= longer life expectancies more likely to seek medical assistance, high risk in childbirth
60
Malaria
- 300 million cases a year
- quini = effective cure for malaria
- has complex pathogen
- transforms itself 7 times in a life cycle
- we create places they like to live in
- strikes hardest during hottest season
Economic challenge
- would cost huge money
- vaccination not found
- cure only for 1 stage in cycle
- economies with malaria have incomes about 33% lower than those without
- indirect costs e.g lost generation
Social challenge
- proper affected care the least
- part of their life
- fatalistic approac
- nets annoying
- historically done nothing
Political problems ?
- leader says no reason to stop it
- DDT was used as pesticide but built up in foodchain
61
WHO successes and failures ?
Provide healthcare to poor
- prevent epidemics of aids and Tb and malaria
Successes
- eradicated small pox
- encouraged breastfeeding and immunisation of children in developing countries and helped prevent 6 major diseases of childhood
- Polio cases reduced by 99% in 2006
Failures
- Malaria harder to eradicate thank once thought
- Tb and Cholera still killing thousands
- misuse of antibiotics meaning diseases are becoming resistant to treatment
Criticisms
- too bureaucratic
- leader lack communication skills
- many projects run by WHO found themselves under tight financial constraints
Issues
- need for international director of health organisation
- NCDs becoming large in LEDCs
62
Pros and cons of NGOs in tackling health issues ?
Pros
- undertake missions where governments can’t go
- more human grass roots link
- small scale projects
- higher success rate-
- less bureaucratic
Cons
- limited financial expertise
- small scale interventions
- lack of coordination
- possible lack of legitimacy
63
Soft drink sugar tax ?
Came into force in UK
- manufacturers have to pay levy on high- sugar drinks
- many firms have reduces sugar content
- Mexico and NorwY have worked on similar taxes
Will it work ?
- consumers end up paying more for sugar instead of not buying as much
Consumers reaction ?
- mixed reaction but many argue government shouldn’t interfere
64
How much did Fanta cut sugar by ?
Third and lucozade 2/3
65
Teenagers and sugar
| - how much do they consume ?
Average teenager = 3 x recommended
66
Change 4 life campaign ?
4. 5£ million to encourage parents to follow mantra ‘look for 100 calorie snacks, 2 a day max’
- money off vouchers and special offers on healthier alternatives at some supermarkets
67
Diabetes in Japan ?
Increasingly sedentary lifestyles = more diabetes cases
- obesity is largest factor contributing towards diabetes due to high sugar content in processed foods
- globalisation of eating habits has spread craving for sugary, fat and salty foods
- Japan has 7.2 million diagnoses with diabetes
- carb rich diet in Japan
Disease of affluence expected to become more present
68
Causes of disease of affluence ?
- less strenuous physical exercise through increased use of cars
- food is easy accessible
- more high fat and high sugar foods ok diet are common in affluent countries
- prolonged periods of inactivity
69
How sugary tax went in Mexico?
Mexicans consumed 12% fewer sugary drinks than before
- still no reduction in obesity as may be too soon
70
How many deaths do NCDs account for ?
68% globally
- more than half the deaths in 2012 were caused by 10 condtions
71
4 main NCDs ?
Stroke, CV diseases, cancers and chronic lung diseases
72
Developments causing change in health ?
Technology
- better food productivity
Improved transport
- better distribution of food
Improved education, sanitation and aid programmes from UN and NGOs
73
Epidemiological transition model ?
Posited by Omran
- suggested process of socio economic developments accounts for transitions over time from infectious diseases to chronic diseases
- transitions occurs as country undergoes modernisation
74
Evidence supporting epidemiological transition ?
- 7/10 of the biggest causes of death globally are NCDs
- evident in most developing nations
- some argue increases chronic diseases may be illusion as they havnt been increased but our ability to diagnose has advanced
- WHO says there will be dramatic changes in coming decades in world health as a result of epidemiological transitions
75
Dependency ration ?
Dependency ration = under dependent + over divided by interdependents x 100
76
Problems with dependency ration ?
Different retirement ages
Age which children work, some counties children work under 15
- hard to identify dependents
77
Easter island ?
Remote Pacific island
- 1000 years ago people settled over 600 years population grew and peaked at 7000
- 16 million trees were removed and stone used to build houses and statutes
- James Cook visited in late -1700 and found only 700
What happened ?
- some say absolute population reached and Malthus said if we exist beyond our means we all go down together
- anthropologists say rats came with first settlers and colonised island and came part of people’s diet showing adaptation to loss of resources
78
Learnt from Easter island?
We grow enough food but 1 billion cant afford
- 1 billion don’t have access to fresh water supplies due to climate change depleting stores
- greenhouse gases being created faster than being absorbed, 10% worlds popualtion 10 meters above sea level, any rise = lives and ecosystems at risk
79
Exponential growth ?
Populations double and have no upper limits J curve
80
Logistic growth ?
Has limit and shaped like S curve
81
Reasons for J curve ?
Environmental resistance doesn’t take effect due to tech and agricultural revolution
82
What is an ecological footprint as a way of measuring the population growth impacts ?
Measure of how much biologically productive land needed to produce the resources we consume and absorb the waste we generate
83
How much more energy is consumed and waste produced from HICs compared to LICs ?
30x more
84
Predictions of population ?
UN predicted DIVERGENT graph of population with 3 possible outcomes by 2100 high (15.8) medium (10) low (6.2)
85
How much is Nigeria population said to increase by 2100?
5 fold
86
Why are there different predictions from UN and UNDP ?
- disagreement of whether China’s fertility rate will rise again
- some project education in Nigeria will hault growth
- UNDP includes level of education
87
Who said if we don’t reduce popualtion throughout family planning nature will do it for us through violence ?
Chris Rapley, Guillebaud whinwere feustrated popualtion had fallen off the agenda for many populations
88
Cultural controls on birth ?
Wealth, status, population policies, age and gender
89
How religion effects popualtion ?
Roman Catholicism
| Islam don’t agree with contraception
90
Demographic dividend ?
Benefit a country gets when a working popualtion outgrows it’s it’s dependents; boost in economy productivity due to growing workforce
91
Optimum population?
Ideal balance between popualtion and resources
92
Underpopulation?
Suggest increase in population would mean increased living standards for all e.g Norway
93
Malthus ?
- food productions cannot increase at rate of human reproduction
94
Boserup?
More optimistic views of our future and said human ingenuity could alter the carrying capacity and enable ponential increase
