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Population And Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Distribution across the world ?

A
  • heavily concentrated around Europe
  • Africa’s population is scattered with few in desert regions
  • Asia population lying almost solidly in China and India with many of that population around the coast
  • water deficit places usually higher up
  • equatorial water deficit due to hot climate
  • population sparse in NA
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2
Q

How much of the usable Land on earth is used to grow food ?

A

Half

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3
Q

How many people did the FAO say were undernourished between 2014-2016?

A

780 million

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4
Q

What is obesity ?

A

Over consumption

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5
Q

How is obesity defined in BMI?

A

Above 30

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6
Q

Estimated population be 2050 UN?

A

9.6 Billion

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7
Q

How much do the poorest in the developing world spend on food ?

A

60-80% of income

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8
Q

Causes of obesity ?

A

Low income= cheap carbs = coronary heart disease

-Sub Saharan Africa has had the second biggest increase in kcal per person per day

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9
Q

How many calories do industrialised countries consume ?

A

1000 more calories a day than required

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10
Q

What is the double burden of nutrition ?

A

Food deficit = undernourished = starvation

High calories = malnourished

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11
Q

What does average calorie intake help see ?

A

Which countries have better access to food which suggests better food security

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12
Q

Food security is?

A

When people have enough affordable and nutritious food to it

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13
Q

What countries produce what food ?

A

Asian = cereal crops

South Africa = most oil crops

NA = most course grain

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14
Q

Every 1 degree rise in global temp = ??

A

10% decline in agricultural production

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15
Q

Environmental variables affecting agriculture ?

A
  • soil types need to be ideal e.g clay absorbs 3 x it’s size in water = ideal for rice paddies
  • soil erosion from wind
  • el minis creates drought = wind eroding farmers topsoil

Waterlogging

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16
Q

2 types of waterlogging ? And what is it

A

Soil pores filled up by water rather than oxygen = work in anaerobic conditions = roots decompose and die

Surface-fed
- when precipitation exceed evapotranspiration and percolation so water stays on soil surface

Groundwater-fed
- caused when rate of rising ground water is not matched by rate of evapotranspiration = natural rise in ground water e.g Tewkesbury

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17
Q

What are zonal soils ?

A

Soils that take hundreds of years to form, made of weathered rock, organic material and water

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18
Q

What is soil type dependent on ?

A
  • biota
  • parent material
  • rainfall
  • temp

Topography
- e.g more acidic soils in slopes as more carbonic acid in rain runs through the same soil

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19
Q

Strategies to ensure food security ?

A
  • improving agricultural activity in family farmers
  • green revolution (higher-yielding variety of seeds)
  • progress in education and research
  • CAP offering subsidies to encourage farming
  • GM crops leading to NA nearly eradication severe food security
  • FAO estimates 150 million preempted falling into extreme poverty due to expansion of social protection
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20
Q

Green revolution ?

A
  • 1960’s countries cross bred to increase crop yields
  • Mexico wheat and maize strains bred to withstand heavy rain etc… wheat yields tripled
  • animals cross-bred to withstand aridity
  • miracle rice IR8 = 6 food increase yield
  • agrochemicals significant
  • fertilisers doubles in yields in tropical areas
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21
Q

Method of improvement in food waste and conservation ?

A
  • improvement of crop storage and handling to reduce wastage
  • soil conservation methods
    E.g contour ploughing
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22
Q

Problems with green revolution ?

A

Costs associated with new seeds was v high e.g poor farmers taking out loans to buy new seeds and feet but were unable to pay back the loans and went into debt + sale of land

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23
Q

Gene revolution ?

A
  • GM involved in taking DNA from one species and combining with other desirable crop traits
  • Botanic gardens cultivate crop relatives in order to create more biodiverse crop types and therefore more resistant to climate threats
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24
Q

What is soil ?

A

Mixture of minerals dom and water and broke down rock from acidic rain

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25
Q

What symbiotic trio relationship is soil dependent on ?

A

Climate - temperature effects detrial cycle, biota effects soils and biota effect climate

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26
Q

How does the Derrick cycle help soil ?

A

Organic content loved u and down by biota

  • water is illuviated from soil as evaporation happens which can be brought up which brings rich minerals that may be toxic to the soil
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27
Q

Level of soil degradation globally ?

A

33% which is a potential threat to food security =poverty

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28
Q

5 essential functions of soil ?

A

Cycling nutrients

Regulating water

Sustaining plant and animal life

Physical stability

Filtering and buffering potential pollutant

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29
Q

Causes of erosion in soil ?

A
  • soil breakdown is rare under natural conditions
  • agriculture is common to breakdown soil, compaction of heavy machinery = inpenetrable for water and roots
  • deforestation means rain washes topsoil away making local water sources muddy killing fish
  • wind blowing it away
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30
Q

What are ways farmers out nutrients back into soil ?

A

Fertilisers, crop rotation, leguminous crop harnessing nitrogen soil

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31
Q

Ways to prevent soil erosion ?

A
  • afforestation, wind breaks = effective but long term creates root interference
  • contour farming,
    Reduces overland flow, helps save topsoil, soil compact still a problem as heavy machinery used
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32
Q

Climate change effect on crops ?

A

Positives
- warmer temps and increased CO2 increased productivity = linger growing seasons and faster maturation rates

Negatives

  • drought crop damage
  • planning problems as less reliable forecast
  • increased weeds and torrential rain/storms
  • effects food prices and agricultural livelihoods
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33
Q

Soil profiles tropical red latosol ?

A

Horizon types

0= top layer 
A= called ‘top soil’ has organic matter 
B = subsoil not much organic 
C = has lots of large rocks mixed with soil
D = bedrock lying beneath the soil
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34
Q

Differences between tropical red latosol and podsol?

A

Tr is about 30 meters compared to 1 meter

TR created fast due to hot climate
PS acidic dark washed humus from above

Subsoil

TR - iron oxides giving red colour
ps - sandy as finer materials washed downwards

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35
Q

Infant mortality rate ?

A

Number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 births per year

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36
Q

Carrying capacity ?

A

Maximum population that can be supported by a given environment over a sustained period of time

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37
Q

Fertility rate ?

A

Average number of children a woman is expected to give Birth to

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38
Q

Replacement rate ?

A

Rate at which the population is replacing itself

39
Q

Replacement level ?

A

Number of children needed per woman to maintain population size

40
Q

Net reproduction rate ?

A

Measure of average number of daughters produced by a woman in reproductive lifetime

41
Q

Absolute over population ?

A

Living standards remains low after after absolute development of resources

42
Q

Relative over population?

A

Present level of production is inadequate but greater production is possible

43
Q

How does the DTM plot people ?

A

All’s countries according to population and wealth

44
Q

Stage 1 in DTM

?

A

High B and D rates
- population checked by war and famine

E.g south east Asia

45
Q

Stage 2 in DTM ?

A

B rates high but D rates decrease

  • economic growth but lack of birth control
  • poorest LICs e.g Mali
46
Q

Stage 3 of DTM ?

A

Birth control

  • B rates fall
  • economic growth, more women emancipated
  • population growth becoming progressively slower
47
Q

Stage 4 DTM ?

A

B and D rates fluctuate around a level associated with periods of economic and recession many of richest countries in this stage

48
Q

Stage 5 DTM?

A
  • B rates fall for economic reasons and death rates rise as result of ageing population, includes worlds most economically developed countries e.g Japan
49
Q

Limitations of the DTM ?

A

Eurocentric
( western conception of development)

  • many developing countries don’t fit the model due to population policies despite economic progress
  • based on experience of industrialised countries so not relevant to to others
  • doesn’t include influences of migration
  • no time scale
  • needs a 5th stage
50
Q

What does assymetry indicate in pop pyramids ?

A

Difference between men and women

51
Q

Concave sides ?

A

High death rate

52
Q

Convex sides

A

Low death rate

53
Q

Advantages of youthful and ageing populations ?

A

Ageing

  • adds exp to workforce
  • growing the market for leisure products
  • construction boom in retirement locations

Youthful

  • large cheap workforce
  • growing market for manufactured goods
  • provides large tax base for country
54
Q

Disadvantages of ageing populations? And solutions

A

Ageing

  • pension costs
  • healthcare and housing with proportionally small workforce
  • youth caring for elderly harming countries competitiveness

Solutions

  • abolish stage pensions
  • raise retirement age
  • increase taxes
55
Q

Disadvantages of youthful populations and their solutions ?

A
  • strain on education and health services
  • strain on food supplies

Solutions.

  • industrialisation providing jobs
  • family planning
56
Q

Health ?

A

Physical, mental and social wellbeing e.g life expectancy

57
Q

Regional variations of health in UK

A

North south divide

North

  • 25% Blackpool women smoke when pregnant compared to 5% in London
  • more unemployment hotspots
  • life expectancy gap, some places in north have a 15 year gap compared to the south

South

  • high rates of drug abuse and breast cancer
  • Cornwall, higher rates of skin cancer
  • urban areas have higher rates of lung cancer
58
Q

Problems with north south divide argument ?

A
  • too simplified, maybe look at smaller scale e.g city… through London a 20 min drive sees a 12 year gap in life expectancy
  • where’s the line draw between north and south
  • dependent on what factors we analyse when looking at health
  • based in stereotypical wealth and education
59
Q

Factors influencing health and morbidity ?

A

Education
- better understanding of health risks + technological advancements, public health England

Income
- affording healthcare, sanitation and food security, poor lifestyle = higher chance of cheap carbs and obesity

Age
- ageing population = higher dependency ratio = more NCDs

Occupation

  • linked to income
  • HICs more sedentary Jobs = obesity, LICs more laborious = less H+S

Environment and population

  • urban areas = high air pollution = lung cancer + respiratory diseases e.g Beijing
  • water supply, cholera
  • ozone layer higher risk of skin cancer

Gender
- women= longer life expectancies more likely to seek medical assistance, high risk in childbirth

60
Q

Malaria

A
  • 300 million cases a year
  • quini = effective cure for malaria
  • has complex pathogen
  • transforms itself 7 times in a life cycle
  • we create places they like to live in
  • strikes hardest during hottest season

Economic challenge

  • would cost huge money
  • vaccination not found
  • cure only for 1 stage in cycle
  • economies with malaria have incomes about 33% lower than those without
  • indirect costs e.g lost generation

Social challenge

  • proper affected care the least
  • part of their life
  • fatalistic approac
  • nets annoying
  • historically done nothing

Political problems ?

  • leader says no reason to stop it
  • DDT was used as pesticide but built up in foodchain
61
Q

WHO successes and failures ?

A

Provide healthcare to poor
- prevent epidemics of aids and Tb and malaria

Successes

  • eradicated small pox
  • encouraged breastfeeding and immunisation of children in developing countries and helped prevent 6 major diseases of childhood
  • Polio cases reduced by 99% in 2006

Failures

  • Malaria harder to eradicate thank once thought
  • Tb and Cholera still killing thousands
  • misuse of antibiotics meaning diseases are becoming resistant to treatment

Criticisms

  • too bureaucratic
  • leader lack communication skills
  • many projects run by WHO found themselves under tight financial constraints

Issues

  • need for international director of health organisation
  • NCDs becoming large in LEDCs
62
Q

Pros and cons of NGOs in tackling health issues ?

A

Pros

  • undertake missions where governments can’t go
  • more human grass roots link
  • small scale projects
  • higher success rate-
  • less bureaucratic

Cons

  • limited financial expertise
  • small scale interventions
  • lack of coordination
  • possible lack of legitimacy
63
Q

Soft drink sugar tax ?

A

Came into force in UK

  • manufacturers have to pay levy on high- sugar drinks
  • many firms have reduces sugar content
  • Mexico and NorwY have worked on similar taxes

Will it work ?

  • consumers end up paying more for sugar instead of not buying as much

Consumers reaction ?
- mixed reaction but many argue government shouldn’t interfere

64
Q

How much did Fanta cut sugar by ?

A

Third and lucozade 2/3

65
Q

Teenagers and sugar

- how much do they consume ?

A

Average teenager = 3 x recommended

66
Q

Change 4 life campaign ?

A
  1. 5£ million to encourage parents to follow mantra ‘look for 100 calorie snacks, 2 a day max’
    - money off vouchers and special offers on healthier alternatives at some supermarkets
67
Q

Diabetes in Japan ?

A

Increasingly sedentary lifestyles = more diabetes cases

  • obesity is largest factor contributing towards diabetes due to high sugar content in processed foods
  • globalisation of eating habits has spread craving for sugary, fat and salty foods
  • Japan has 7.2 million diagnoses with diabetes
  • carb rich diet in Japan

Disease of affluence expected to become more present

68
Q

Causes of disease of affluence ?

A
  • less strenuous physical exercise through increased use of cars
  • food is easy accessible
  • more high fat and high sugar foods ok diet are common in affluent countries
  • prolonged periods of inactivity
69
Q

How sugary tax went in Mexico?

A

Mexicans consumed 12% fewer sugary drinks than before

  • still no reduction in obesity as may be too soon
70
Q

How many deaths do NCDs account for ?

A

68% globally

  • more than half the deaths in 2012 were caused by 10 condtions
71
Q

4 main NCDs ?

A

Stroke, CV diseases, cancers and chronic lung diseases

72
Q

Developments causing change in health ?

A

Technology
- better food productivity

Improved transport
- better distribution of food

Improved education, sanitation and aid programmes from UN and NGOs

73
Q

Epidemiological transition model ?

A

Posited by Omran
- suggested process of socio economic developments accounts for transitions over time from infectious diseases to chronic diseases

  • transitions occurs as country undergoes modernisation
74
Q

Evidence supporting epidemiological transition ?

A
  • 7/10 of the biggest causes of death globally are NCDs
  • evident in most developing nations
  • some argue increases chronic diseases may be illusion as they havnt been increased but our ability to diagnose has advanced
  • WHO says there will be dramatic changes in coming decades in world health as a result of epidemiological transitions
75
Q

Dependency ration ?

A

Dependency ration = under dependent + over divided by interdependents x 100

76
Q

Problems with dependency ration ?

A

Different retirement ages

Age which children work, some counties children work under 15

  • hard to identify dependents
77
Q

Easter island ?

A

Remote Pacific island

  • 1000 years ago people settled over 600 years population grew and peaked at 7000
  • 16 million trees were removed and stone used to build houses and statutes
  • James Cook visited in late -1700 and found only 700

What happened ?

  • some say absolute population reached and Malthus said if we exist beyond our means we all go down together
  • anthropologists say rats came with first settlers and colonised island and came part of people’s diet showing adaptation to loss of resources
78
Q

Learnt from Easter island?

A

We grow enough food but 1 billion cant afford

  • 1 billion don’t have access to fresh water supplies due to climate change depleting stores
  • greenhouse gases being created faster than being absorbed, 10% worlds popualtion 10 meters above sea level, any rise = lives and ecosystems at risk
79
Q

Exponential growth ?

A

Populations double and have no upper limits J curve

80
Q

Logistic growth ?

A

Has limit and shaped like S curve

81
Q

Reasons for J curve ?

A

Environmental resistance doesn’t take effect due to tech and agricultural revolution

82
Q

What is an ecological footprint as a way of measuring the population growth impacts ?

A

Measure of how much biologically productive land needed to produce the resources we consume and absorb the waste we generate

83
Q

How much more energy is consumed and waste produced from HICs compared to LICs ?

A

30x more

84
Q

Predictions of population ?

A

UN predicted DIVERGENT graph of population with 3 possible outcomes by 2100 high (15.8) medium (10) low (6.2)

85
Q

How much is Nigeria population said to increase by 2100?

A

5 fold

86
Q

Why are there different predictions from UN and UNDP ?

A
  • disagreement of whether China’s fertility rate will rise again
  • some project education in Nigeria will hault growth
  • UNDP includes level of education
87
Q

Who said if we don’t reduce popualtion throughout family planning nature will do it for us through violence ?

A

Chris Rapley, Guillebaud whinwere feustrated popualtion had fallen off the agenda for many populations

88
Q

Cultural controls on birth ?

A

Wealth, status, population policies, age and gender

89
Q

How religion effects popualtion ?

A

Roman Catholicism

Islam don’t agree with contraception

90
Q

Demographic dividend ?

A

Benefit a country gets when a working popualtion outgrows it’s it’s dependents; boost in economy productivity due to growing workforce

91
Q

Optimum population?

A

Ideal balance between popualtion and resources

92
Q

Underpopulation?

A

Suggest increase in population would mean increased living standards for all e.g Norway

93
Q

Malthus ?

A
  • food productions cannot increase at rate of human reproduction
94
Q

Boserup?

A

More optimistic views of our future and said human ingenuity could alter the carrying capacity and enable ponential increase

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