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Coatss Flashcards

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1
Q

Closed system ?

A

Inputs , flow and transfers but and output of energy but not matter

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2
Q

Open system

A

Inputs, flows and transfers and output of energy and matter

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3
Q

Isolated system ?

A

No input of energy or matter

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4
Q

Dynamics equilibrium?

A

State of balance between continuing processes

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5
Q

Positive feedback ?

A

Where initial reaction starts a chain of event that magnify/ increase the impact of the original one, original impact increases until it fails e.g surface temp increase, more water vapour in atmosphere enhanced greenhouse effect

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6
Q

Discordant coastline ?

A

Coastline that runs perpendicular to the coast

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7
Q

Concordant?

A

Rock types run parallel to the sea

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8
Q

Lithology?

A

Bands of rocks

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9
Q

Geology ?

A

Type and orientation of rocks

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10
Q

What does geomorphological mean ?

A

How the earth changes

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11
Q

What are the sources of sediment on coastlines

A
  • streams and rivers carrying eroded sediment

- LSD, cliff erosion and wind

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12
Q

What are sediment cells ?

A

Distinct areas of the coastline separated by other areas of the coastline by well defined boundaries e.g headlands and stretches of deep water (movement of sediment is contained)

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13
Q

How many sediment cells are in England ?

A

11 but can be separated into sub-cells

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14
Q

Sources of energy at the Coast ?

A
  • moon, sun and wind
  • tectonic activity
  • fetch
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15
Q

Sediment budget ?

A

Material sediment considered in losses and gains, a sediment budget seeks to achieve a state of dynamic equilibrium where erosion and deposition are balanced

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16
Q

What are waves ?

A

Important vehicles in redistribution of energy, get their energy from the wind, powerful waves form from bigger fetches

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17
Q

Wave length ?

A

Wave length = distance between the 2 crests

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18
Q

Trough ?

A

Lowest point in a wave

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19
Q

Wave height ?

A

Distance from trough to crest

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20
Q

Still water level ?

A

Halfway between trough and crest

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21
Q

How are waves formed ?

A

Air moves over water creating friction

  • open sea wind encouraged orbital motion of waves
  • water become shallower and waves become more elliptical shaped
  • wave length and velocity increases as water backs up from behind creating high wave until it toppled and breaks
  • water goes up beach as swags and own as backwash
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22
Q

What are tides ?

A

Periodic rise and fall of the sea due to the moon and suns gravitational pull on the sea

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23
Q

Tidal range ?

A

Difference between high and low water marks, high tidal range determines height and duration of wave

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24
Q

Snap tide ?

A

Occurs on a half moon and results in smaller tide

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25
Q

RIP current ?

A

Localised underwater current posing a threat to swimmers

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26
Q

How is a rip current formed ?

A

Backwash from plunging waves creates temporary build up of water at bottom of the beach, backwash is forced under following small undulations in beach profile

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27
Q

Types of waves ?

A

Constructive

  • long wave lengths
  • sloping beaches
  • stein swash, small backwash

Destructive ?

  • local storm responsible
  • steep beaches
  • short wave lengths
  • 10-14 waves per min
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28
Q

What is corrosion ?

A

Hurling sediment at cliff

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29
Q

Abrasion ?

A

Sand paper

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30
Q

Corrosion

A

Weathering from acidic rain, if PH of sea water below 7 it would potentially kill a lot of marine life

31
Q

Var bakes affecting erosion rates ?

A
  • wave steepness/type
  • fetch
  • coastline shape (wave refraction)
  • presence of beach
  • human activity
  • sea depth
  • wave refraction
32
Q

What is corrosion ?

A

Hurling sediment at cliff

33
Q

Abrasion ?

A

Sand paper

34
Q

Corrosion

A

Weathering from acidic rain, if PH of sea water below 7 it would potentially kill a lot of marine life

35
Q

Var bakes affecting erosion rates ?

A
  • wave steepness/type
  • fetch
  • coastline shape (wave refraction)
  • presence of beach
  • human activity
  • sea depth
  • wave refraction
36
Q

What is oxidation ?

A

Magnesium and iron rich rocks called mafic rocks exposed to oxygen rust and erode

37
Q

Hydrolysis ?

A

Water dissolved minerals in ground that go through a chemical change

38
Q

Carbonation

A

Water mixes with carbon creating carbonic acid which eats calcite in rocks

39
Q

Aeolian deposition ?

A

When wind loses energy to carry sediment such at through hitting an obstacle or lacks energy to carry any further

40
Q

Mass movement ?

A

Weathered material moves downhill under the force of gravity (often lubricated by water)

41
Q

Types of mass movement ?

A
  • rock fall
  • soil creep
  • land slides
  • mudflows
42
Q

Soil creep ?

A

Soil particles move downhill then rise towards surface due to wetting

43
Q

Mudflows ?

A

Heavy rainfall causes large quantities of material to move downhill, it’s dependent on slope angle and soil saturation

44
Q

Landslide ?

A

On cliffs made of softer rock which slip as result of failure to hold after rainfall

45
Q

Rockfalls ?

A

Cliffs undercut by sea or frost action

46
Q

Land slip/slump ?

A

Same as landslide but in unconsolidated clays, surface is curved rather than flat

47
Q

Eustatic sea level change ?

A

Change in volume of water in seas and ocean causes global scale sea level rise

48
Q

Isostatic sea level fall?

A

Ice sheets formed on land depress it, as melting occurs the land rebounds causing local scale relative fall in sea level

49
Q

Emergent?

A

Relative fall in sea level, marine regression

50
Q

Submergent ?

A

Relative rise in sea level/ marine transgression

51
Q

When is erosion greatest at cliffs ?

A

Intertidal zone

- wave pounding undercuts the notch

52
Q

What are geos ?

A

Inlets or gully’s/ deep cleft in face of a cliff

53
Q

What is a landform ?

A

Specific feature or shape on earth surface that we associate with particular landscapes

54
Q

Eustatic sea level change ?

A

Change in volume of water in seas and ocean causes global scale sea level rise

55
Q

Isostatic sea level fall?

A

Ice sheets formed on land depress it, as melting occurs the land rebounds causing local scale relative fall in sea level

56
Q

Emergent?

A

Relative fall in sea level, marine regression

57
Q

Submergent ?

A

Relative rise in sea level/ marine transgression

58
Q

Landscape ?

A

Part of earths surface, consist of variety of geographical features, divided into 2 groups

59
Q

Facts about carats flooding ?

A

Erosion in 150x greater than that of sea level rise so 1cm sea level rise equates to 15m verticle retreat

40% population live within 100km the coast

60
Q

Key features of beaches ?

A

Course- larger sediment at top of beach

Berms- mark high tide point

Cusps- semi-circular depressions where waves break

Ripples- result of tidal currents and wave movements

Runnel- dips between riders and catch sediment in backwash

61
Q

4 sections of the beach ?

A

Offshore zone- beyond influence of waves

Nearshore (breaker zone)

Foreshore (intertidal zone)

Back shore (above influence of waves)

62
Q

2 beach types ?

A

Swash aligned
- low energy environments where waves run parallel to shore allow refraction and low energy waves reposting

Drift aligned
- waves approach coast at angle, LSD moves sediment along beach

63
Q

Features associated with sea level rise ?

A

Rias

Raised beaches

Dalmatian coasts

Fjords

64
Q

Raised beaches example ?

A

Land rises due to isostatic recovery

  • wave cut platfform high above sea level e.g isle or arran in Scotland
65
Q

Facts about carats flooding ?

A

Erosion in 150x greater than that of sea level rise so 1cm sea level rise equates to 15m verticle retreat

40% population live within 100km the coast

66
Q

How are fjords formed ?

A

Deep glacial troughs are flooded by rise in sea level, further inland with shallow enhance marking where glacier left valley

67
Q

Rias ?

A

When valleys in upland areas are flooded by rise in sea level Devon

68
Q

Traction ?

A

Sediment to heavy so rolls across sea bed

69
Q

Saltation ?

A

Bounces

70
Q

Holderness

A
  • cliff made of glacial till, soft and permeable, most eroded coastline in Europe up to 1 meter a month
  • 2 million pound ground in Mappleton created with more erosion further down the costs as result
  • huge fetch from Atlantic
  • I consolidated rock
  • indices mass movement
71
Q

Why is the coastline valuable to us ?

A
  • tourism, fishing, places to live, important industrial sites
  • UNEP says half the worlds population lives within 60 of the coast with a third of all large cities being at the coast
72
Q

4 approaches when engaging in coastal management ?

A

1) hold the line (existing coastal defences maintained)

2 advance the line (new coastal defences built further out at sea

3 retreat the line (people move out of danger zones)

4 do nothing (drake other feet’s as they come or let nature take its course

73
Q

What is an ICZM

A

Integrated coastal zone management

74
Q

SMPs ?

A

Shoreline management plans (recommended by Dephra)

Geography (11 decks)

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