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Human Geo > Population and environment > Flashcards

Population and environment Flashcards

1
Q

population of the world

A

7.9 billion

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2
Q

Factors affecting population

A
  • physical environment
  • development processes
  • global population patterns
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3
Q

population density

A

Measurement of population per unit area,
e.g. population per km2

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4
Q

how does the physical environment affect population

A

CLIMATE:
- affects agriculture as
crops need certain conditions to grow
- affects the incidence of disease, some diseases thrive in certain climates
SOIL:
- the quality of the soil affects agricultural productivity
NATURAL RECOURCES:
- clean water is needed for hygiene, sanitation, agriculture, and drinking.

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5
Q

How do development processes affect population

A

NEOTHILIC REVOLUTION:
- 12,000 years ago, there was a shift from hunter-gatherer populations to agricultural communities. Birth rates and
rose as women no longer had to wait to have more children
GREEN REVOLUTION:
- the process of using technology and more efficient farming practices in agriculture to maximize yields in the 50s
and 60s.
- created more food, especially in developing countries, meaning a larger population could be sustained.

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6
Q

how do global population patterns affect population

A

GLOABL POPULATION NUMBERS:
- The world’s population stayed below 1 billion until 1804 , to reach 2 billion it only took just over 100 years.
GLOBAL POPULATION DENSITY:
- Urbanized areas are the most densely populated areas, as many people move for job prospects and opportunities.
- 55% of the population currently live in urban areas

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7
Q

food production increase statistic

A

tripled globally in the past 50 years

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8
Q

Strategies for food production increase

A
  • increased use in farming machinery allows for more crops to be collected in a quicker time
  • Increased use of farming resources such as herbicides and pesticides, to maximize
    yields.
  • Better farming management to maximize yields
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9
Q

Food production distribution

A
  • unevenly distributed , with lower income countries producing the least amount of crops.
  • richest countries have the largest food supplies, they produce more calories for their population
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10
Q

Example of a region with a high crop yield

A

Eastern Asia:
- consistent high yields
- receives high amounts of rainfall, facilitating in crop growth.

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11
Q

Example of a region with a low crop yield

A

Saharan Africa:
- extreme environmental limitations, such as droughts and temperatures unsuitable for crop growth

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12
Q

Food consumption trend

A
  • lower income countries consume less
    food than high income countries.
  • HICs have more money to import food and invest in agriculture
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13
Q

Food consumption statistics

A
  • Africa consumes the least calories; over 27% of Africa’s population are affected by severe food insecurity.
  • North America has the
    highest consumption rate, followed by Europe.
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14
Q

The agricultural system inputs

A
  • rain
  • soil
  • pesticides
  • labor
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15
Q

Factors that affect agricultural productivity

A
  • type of agricultural system
  • climate
  • soils
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16
Q

The agricultural system processes

A
  • tending to land
  • harvesting
  • breeding
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17
Q

The agricultural system outputs

A
  • crops
  • animal produce
  • waste
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18
Q

how does the type of agricultural system affect agricultural productivity

A

management strategies with low inputs to maximize outputs allow for high productivity, e.g. commercial farming

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19
Q

how does the climate affect agricultural productivity

A
  • precipitation, temperature, winds affect what type of agriculture can occur.
  • Some crops and animals can only be farmed in certain
    climates, such as tropical fruits,
  • the changing climate,
    and the amount of arable land is decreasing due to climate change (i.e. more floods/ more droughts
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20
Q

how does soil affect agricultural productivity

A
  • Different soils are suited to different types of agriculture
  • Issues with soils - such as over-farming, erosion, desertification may also decrease productivity, as low nutrients in soil will affect plant growth
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21
Q

How Climate Change Affects Agriculture

A
  • increase in extreme weather events decrease productivity, these events can devastate large areas of land
  • Rising sea levels due to melting sea ice will cause flooding in low lying areas,
    such as Bangladesh, devastating crop yields
  • Pests insects and plant diseases are projected to increase in some areas due to climate change
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22
Q

Soil problems

A
  • Wind erosion: displacement of topsoil due to high winds and unstable soil.
  • Waterlogging: oversaturation of
    the soil, causing leaching of nutrients.
  • Desertification: fertile land becoming dry and desert-like.
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23
Q

How soil problems can be caused by agriculture

A
  • wind erosion: Ploughing can cause fine soil to be exposed, which can be blown away.
  • waterlogging: Too much irrigation, crops will not be able to grow as the plant ‘drowns’.
  • Desertification: overgrazing or overcultivation
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24
Q

Management of soil problems

A

Water:
- redirecting runoff using diversion channels/ terraces
Wind:
- trees to block wind
- altering soil composition
Structure:
- cover crops to protect soil

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25
Q

Food security

A

having accessible and affordable food that is safe and nutritious, so that people may live a healthy lifestyle.

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26
Q

Increasing access to ensure food security

A
  • increasing a country’s access to foreign markets means they can import food
  • Trading agreements such
    as trade blocs
  • aid and relief
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27
Q

Increasing amount to ensure food security

A

-technology
- Managing farms more
successfully through
training, farming equipment

28
Q

Increasing efficiency to ensure food security

A
  • increasing the efficiency of a farm can save time and food, meaning overall there is more food available and it may be more affordable as there are less expenditures.
  • Equipment and better management can produce more crops in less time
29
Q

Mortality rate definition

A

number of deaths over time, per unit of population - usually per 1000

30
Q

What do mortality rates indicate about a region?

A
  • socioeconomic status of a region.
  • Crude death rates are highest in low-income regions and countries like Russia and Eastern Europe.
31
Q

What is infant mortality and where is it highest?

A
  • Infant mortality is the number of infants who die per 1000 births.
  • Highest in Africa, Pakistan, Afghanistan
  • Typically lower in high-income, developed countries.
32
Q

What do morbidity rates reveal about health?

A
  • Morbidity rates reflect the incidence of disease.
  • Non-communicable diseases (e.g., heart disease) are higher in HICs.
  • Infectious diseases (e.g., malaria) are more common in LICs.
  • Life expectancy is higher in HICs due to better health spending.
33
Q

What is the Epidemiological Transition?

A
  • The Epidemiological Transition explains how disease and mortality change as societies develop.
    Stage 1: Infectious diseases (high mortality).
    Stage 2: Declining infectious diseases due to medical advances.
    Stage 3: Non-communicable diseases (e.g., heart disease) rise with lifestyle changes
34
Q

How does the environment affect health?

A
  • Climate influences disease prevalence (e.g., vector-borne diseases like malaria).
  • Extreme weather events (e.g., floods, storms) increase waterborne diseases (e.g., cholera).
  • Topography and latitude affect disease spread (e.g., waterborne diseases in low-lying areas).
35
Q

What are vector-borne diseases

A
  • Diseases transmitted by vectors (e.g., mosquitoes spreading malaria).
36
Q

How does sunlight exposure impact health?

A
  • Too little sunlight causes deficiencies (e.g., vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets).
  • Too much sunlight can cause skin diseases, such as skin cancer (e.g., Australia has the highest rates due to intense UV exposure).
37
Q

What impact does water quality have on health?

A
  • Poor water quality leads to waterborne diseases (e.g., cholera).
    L- ack of access to clean water in LICs leads to high mortality rates from diseases like diarrhoea.
  • Contamination from industrial pollutants and waste exacerbates health risks.
38
Q

What are the effects of ambient and household air pollution?

A
  • Ambient air pollution (e.g., from fossil fuels, industrial sites) leads to lung disease, heart attacks, and cancer.
  • Household air pollution (e.g., burning fuels inside) causes respiratory issues, lung disease, and strokes, particularly in LICs.
39
Q

What is the role of international agencies in global health?

A

International agencies work with governments, conduct research, spread awareness, and provide resources to achieve global health.

40
Q

What does the World Health Organization (WHO) do?

A

WHO provides leadership, shapes the research agenda, and provides technical support to improve global health.

41
Q

What is the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) focus?

A

works to prevent hunger, promote health, and develop strategies to mitigate disease through research.

42
Q

What is Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)?

A

Doctors Without Borders, provides medical aid during crises and disasters, committed to neutrality and independence

42
Q

What does the World Food Programme (WFP) do?

A

aims to eradicate hunger by providing food assistance during emergencies and promoting nutrition and resilience.

42
Q

What is Oxfam’s mission?

A

Oxfam works to eradicate poverty by providing essentials like clean water, sanitation, and healthcare, particularly during emergencies.

43
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

A

The DTM shows how birth and death rates change over time, affecting population growth and development stages.

44
Q

What happens in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A

death rates fall due to improvements in healthcare, leading to rapid population growth as birth rates remain high.

45
Q

What characterizes Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A

birth rates fall due to cultural and societal changes, such as women’s rights, contraception, and changing family structures.

46
Q

What is Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A

ow birth and death rates, leading to slow population growth in developed countries.

47
Q

What is Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A

a proposed stage, occurs when birth rates fall below death rates, leading to population decline (e.g., in Germany).

48
Q

What is a dependency ratio?

A

the proportion of dependents (under 18 and over 65) to the working-age population.

49
Q

What are the types of migration?

A

economic migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers.

50
Q

What barriers influence migration?

A

physical (e.g., distance, transport) and socioeconomic factors (e.g., lack of resources, legal restrictions).

51
Q

What are the societal impacts of migration on both the receiving and emigrating countries?

A
  • Receiving countries may experience multiculturalism, improved services, and workforce contributions, but also overpopulation.
  • Emigrating countries face potential underpopulation, loss of skilled workers, and dependency on remittances.
52
Q

ow does migration affect services, resources, and the workforce?

A
  • Receiving countries may see relaxed pressure on services but face overpopulation. Migrants contribute to the workforce and taxes
  • emigrating countries may struggle with a lack of workers and a ‘brain drain.’
53
Q

What political and demographic impacts can migration have

A
  • Migration can reduce political conflict in receiving countries, but may cause political disagreements in emigrating countries.
  • Demographically, migration can cause changes in age, sex composition, and may lead to overpopulation or underpopulation.
54
Q

What is population ecology and how does it relate to migration?

A

Population ecology studies how the environment affects population factors. Overpopulation, optimum population, and underpopulation depend on the availability of resources. Migration impacts these populations and their resources.

55
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

Carrying capacity is the maximum population an environment can support without degradation.

56
Q

What is the Population, Resources, and Pollution (PRP) model?

A

The PRP model shows the relationships between population growth, resource consumption, and pollution, highlighting feedback loops that can either promote or degrade sustainability.

57
Q

What are the Malthusian and Boserup perspectives on population?

A

Malthus argued that population grows exponentially while resources grow linearly, leading to shortages. Boserup believed that innovation and technology would always find ways to sustain a growing population.

58
Q

What is thermal stress, and why is it a health risk due to climate change?

A

conditions like heat exhaustion caused by rising global temperatures. It poses a fatal risk, especially to the elderly.

59
Q

How does climate change impact vector-borne diseases?

A
  • alters weather patterns, increasing the distribution and activity seasons of vector-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease.
60
Q

What is the projected global population by 2100?

A

The global population is estimated to reach 11.2 billion by 2100, though lower fertility rates could cause it to stabilize at 8.7 billion by 2050 and decline afterward.

60
Q

How will population distribution change by 2100?

A
  • LICs will see the highest growth due to high birth rates.
  • High-income countries’ populations are expected to stabilize.
  • India will surpass China as the most populous country.
61
Q

How will resource consumption change with population growth?

A

As populations grow and develop, resource consumption will increase, requiring a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy and technological advancements to sustain growth.

62
Q

What are the key challenges of population-driven pollution?

A
  • Pollution from CO2 emissions, methane, plastic waste, and landfill degrades the Earth. If unresolved, these issues will make it impossible to support future population growth sustainably.
63
Q

What must be done to alter the population-environment relationship?

A
  • Invest in renewable energy.
  • Develop sustainable farming, recycling, and resource usage technologies.
  • Adopt greener lifestyles to reduce pollution and sustain the Earth’s resources.

Human Geo (8 decks)

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