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A level human geography > population and environment > Flashcards

population and environment Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the size of a population influenced by

A

how many people the environment of that area can support

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2
Q

Define population distribution

A

pattern of where people live

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3
Q

Give an example of uneven population distribution

A

In China over 90% of the population live in the Eastern part of the country due to much of the Western area bein unhabitable due to mountains and desert

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4
Q

Define population density

A

The population of an area divided by the size of that area/ number of people per square kilometre

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5
Q

Where are the areas of highest population density located?

A

South and East Asia

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6
Q

What prevented population rise

A

Famine disease war

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7
Q

Why has population increased since 1950

A

Improvements in medicine and food production
increased life expectancy and reduced infant mortality

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8
Q

What three physical aspects affect populations

A

climate
soils
resource ditribution

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9
Q

describe how climate has an affect on population size

A

few people live in arid areas such as the Sahar, but many live in temperate climates such as the UK

Tropical and temperate climates usually have the highest population sizes and densities due to ability to produce food

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10
Q

How will climate change affect population size in the future

A

It can affect population distribution, for example in coastal areas where sea levels are rising people are moving inland or even abandoning their islands

It is also causing levels of nutrition to fall in some countries

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11
Q

How does soil affect population

A

Soil fertility determines the amount and types of food that can be produced in a region and has played a role in determining where human settlements have developed
Soil erosion can cause people to migrate to other places as agriculture becomes difficult

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12
Q

some examples of how soil has affected populations

A

Naples is built near a volcano where soil fertility is high
Bangladesh have large floodplains which are very fertile so it can support large scale agriculture and feed the large population

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13
Q

Describe how resource distribution can affect populations

A

Population growth and density is linked to availability of fresh water and other resources - most deserts have small populations because of lack of water
lack of safe water can lead to food insecurity causing populations to decrease

Places with a lot of naturally occurring food and fuel are able to support fairly large populations

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14
Q

Give examples of revolutions that have affected population size and distribution

A

neolithic revolution
industrial revolution

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15
Q

Describe the neolithic revolution

A

the development of agriculture and shift from hunting and gathering to farming and permanent settlements
this caused populations to increase as food supply become more reliable

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16
Q

Describe the industrial revolution and its impacts

A

1760-1850
rapid rise in the use of machinery and factories in developed countries and coincided with population growth
e.g. Britains population more than doubled - death rates fell because of increased food production and higher incomes so people had better diets

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17
Q

How has global food production changed over the last 50 years

A

the area of agricultural land has increased as well as technological advances such as irrigation and pesticides have made it possible to produce more food from less land

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18
Q

What is the pattern of global cereal production

A

Most is produced in N.America, China and Brazil - temperate climates and countries which have enough money to invest in agriculture

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19
Q

Why do East Asia and North America produce a lot of food

A

Climates that are good for farming
lots of investment into agriculture

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20
Q

Why do Central America and Africa produce relatively small amounts of food

A

Lack of resources and funding
large areas of land unsuitable for farmins- desert
Unsuitable climates

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21
Q

How has global food consumption changed

A

More food is being consumed worldwide as population increases and countries become more economically developed

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22
Q

Describe global food consumption

A

More developed areas like North America and Europe consume a lot as they can afford to import a large variety of foods and have a culture of cu=consumerism as well as the majority of the population having a large disposable income - up to 3539kcal
Less developed areas Such as Africa S.A and Asia consume less in sub -Saharan Africa less than 2546 kcal

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23
Q

How does the type of food consumed vary between countries

A

Meat costs more t produce than plant-based food so it makes up a bigger proportion of the diet in developed countries

meat consumption 2020
USA - 149kg per capita
Ethiopia -8.3kg per capita

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24
Q

What kind of systems are farms

A

Open systems as energy and matter can be lost or gained from the environment

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25
Q

Define agricultural productivity

A

measure of the amount of food that is produced in an area -ratio of agricultural output

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26
Q

What are the different types of farming

A

Commercial
subsistence
intensive
extensive
nomadic

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27
Q

Describe commercial farming

A

production of crops or livestock to make a profit - has a high agricultural productivity and more common in developed countries

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28
Q

Describe subsistence farming

A

When just enough food is grown to feed a family and has a lower agricultural productivity

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29
Q

Describe intensive farming

A

As much as possible is produced from the land
Capital intensive - high input of capital and low labour input
labour-intensive - uses a lot of abour

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30
Q

escribe extensive farming

A

The opposite of intensive - has a low capital and labour input and produces less food but has better welfare and less impact on the environment

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31
Q

Describe nomadic farming

A

farmers move from place to place to grow crops or graze animals on different land

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32
Q

What factors can affect agricultural productivity

A

Climate
soil

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33
Q

describe how climate can affect agriculture

A

Affects how successfully plants can grow in an area and the animals that can survive there
Some crops are adapted to certain climates such as pineapples and sub-tropical climates
some climates make it difficult to farm such as frozen ground

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34
Q

Describe how soil can impact agriculture

A

some soils are of poor quality and lack of nutrients such as desert soil

Different soils are suited to different types of farming for example some soils are too shallow or not fertile enough to grow crops so are used for grazing

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35
Q

Describe polar climates

A

mainly found above 66 latitude and experience the coldest temperatures on the planet and have very little precipitation
Arctic - North - temperature can reach below -40 and precipitation is less than 100mm per year

Antarctic - South - Temperatures can fall below -80 and the interior receives less than 50mm/year but precipitation in coastal areas in higher

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36
Q

Why are polar population sizes low

A

Agricultural productivity is low - subsistence
arable farming generally isnt possible due to ground often being frozen solid so Arctic diets are mostly meat based
Migration to leave the most extreme winters
People have adapted to cold temperatures with clothing and building methods

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37
Q

Describe how the climate affects development in polar regions

A

Low temperatures and frozen ground make it hard for people to work or construct building there
buildings also mustn’t melt permafrost
Commercial fishing only takes place where there is less ice
Most of the work is seasonal - tourism and oil

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38
Q

Describe arid climates

A

Usually receive less than 250mm of rain / year
Hot deserts occur at around 30 North and South of the equator e.g. Sahara and max temperatures can reach above 40

temperate deserts occur at higher latitudes they are cooler but still very arid

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39
Q

Describe population distribution in arid areas

A

pop. is low and there are clusters of settlements around water sources

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40
Q

How is the arid climate a challenge for people

A

agriculture is impossible in most areas because rain falls very infrequently usually in the form of heavy rainstorms leading to flash flooding and soil erosion

most farming is nomadic

Water can be drawn from oases and crops can be grown in shade so these methods allow people to settle around oases

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41
Q

What are some of the modern solutions to challenges of arid climates

A

Groundwater for irrigation can be more easily accessed by motored pups
Drip irrigation minimises evaporation

Economic development is often hindered by climate but major cities can develop if there is enough money to invest in obtaining water

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42
Q

What are the impacts of climate change on agriculture

A

Decreasing agricultural productivity due to reduced rainfall

Agricultural productivity may increase in some areas as climate and precipitation may increase and get warmer more north

May be changes to the type of crops grown

Agricultural pests and diseases may increase in some areas

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43
Q

What are zonal soils

A

fully developed soils

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44
Q

How are soils formed

A

from a combination of minerals from weathered bedrock and organic matter

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45
Q

How do soil and climate link

A

Climate determines the rate of weathering of the bedrock and the type of vegetation that grows there and its rate of decomposition

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46
Q

Describe the distribution of podzols

A

Occur in cool temperate climates in the northern hemisphere where there is more precipitation and evapotranspiration

Usually found under coniferous woodland or heather moorland

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47
Q

Describe the O horizon of podzols

A

The layer of needled from the coniferous trees or heather leaf litter

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48
Q

Describe the A layer of podzols

A

A narrow acidic layer and nutrients are leached from the Ahorizon by water

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49
Q

Describe the E horizon of podzols

A

Because of the acidity of the water travelling through the soil is more able to dissolve certain minerals such as irons - leaching of these minerals creates an e horizon formed mainly of quartz, sand and silt

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50
Q

Describe the B horizon of podzols

A

Minerals accumulate in the b horizon and and iron pan forms which is a hard continuous deposited layer of iron

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51
Q

why are podzols not good for agriculture

A

acidity and lack of nutrients means few crops are able to grow

formation of hard pan can prevent water draining away making the soil vulnerable to waterlogging making ploughing difficult and machinery sinks

Some arable farming does take place but requires treatment with lime to reduce acidity

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52
Q

Give the layers of soils

A

O - humus
A- topsoil
E- silt and sand
B- minerals from above accumulate
C- mainly broken bedrock

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53
Q

what is the distribution of latosols

A

Latosols are found under tropical rainforests
the high temperature and humidity in the tropics encourages fast chemical weathering of bedrock forming soils up to 30-40m deep

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54
Q

Describe the o horizon of latosols

A

Year round plant growth means that the O horizon is quite thick however as soon as leaf litter decomposes it turns to humus and its nutrients are absorbed by vegetation rather than soil

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55
Q

describe the a horizon of latosols

A

very thin fertile layer because humus nutrients is absorbed by vegetation rather than staying soil

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56
Q

Describe the e horizon of latosols

A

pale layer of silt and sand and other minerals that have been leached

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57
Q

Describe the b horizon of latosols

A

Rainfall is higher than evapotranspiration in rainforests causing a soil moisture surplus meaning there is a lot of leaching silicate minerals are leached out from b horizon but less soluble iron compounds are left behind giving it a red colour

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58
Q

How can latosols affect human activity

A

latosols are poor for agriculture due to their low nutrient content so once the forest is removed it has no protection from the rainfall leaching increases and it has even less nutrients

laterite horizon is hard when dry so is useful to build on

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59
Q

What are some factors that can make soil more vulnerable to erosion

A

clearing vegetation
topography
climate
land use

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60
Q

Why is soil erosion a threat to agriculture

A

it removes nutrients and reduces the soils ability to hold water
almost 30% of the worlds land has become unproductive due to soil erosion in the last 40 years

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61
Q

What are some management strategies to reduce soil erosion

A

crop rotation
windbreaks
terracing
contour ploughing
slowing down run off

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62
Q

define waterlogging

A

caused when spaces between soil spaces fill with water

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63
Q

what are some causes of waterlogging

A

hard pans blocking drainage
too much irrigation
high precipitation

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64
Q

What problems are caused by waterlogging

A

plant roots can rot
soil temperature decreases
land is hard to plough
crops may be out competed by weeds

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65
Q

What are some ways to manage water logging

A

Avoid over-watering
drain the soil using pipes
add sand to soil and change its composition so that there are more air spaces

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66
Q

Define salinisation

A

build up of salts in the soil

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67
Q

What are the causes of salinisation

A

water evaporates leaving behind salt
not enough rainfall to leach away salts
irrigation water containing salt
over - fertilising

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68
Q

What are the problems caused by salinisation

A

May be toxic to plants
can dehydrate plant

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69
Q

What are some ways to manage salinisation

A

Avoid waterlogging
only use as much water for irrigation as needed
add appropriate amount of fertiliser

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70
Q

Define structural deterioration

A

when pore spaces in soil are lost

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71
Q

What are the causes of structural deterioration

A

Use of heavy machinery
removal of vegetation as roots help maintain soil structure
salinisation causes clay particles to clump together

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72
Q

What are the problems caused by structural deterioration

A

difficult for plant roots to grow
reduced soil capacity for water
land is hard to plough

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73
Q

What are the ways to manage structural deterioration

A

Avoid compaction by moving livestock
maintain vegetation cover
adding sand to clay soils to change the structure
avoid salinisation

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74
Q

Define food availability

A

a country must provide a sufficient amount of food

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75
Q

fine food security

A

reliable access to affordable food

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76
Q

Define food access

A

People must be able to regularly obtain food

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77
Q

Define food quality and use

A

the food that people consume must be nutritious enough for them to maintain a healthy life and it must be stored and prepared in a way that is hygienic

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78
Q

What are the 3 different strategies to improving food production

A

increasing food production
increasing food access
reducing waste

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79
Q

How can increasing food production improve food security

A

Agricultural expansion
intensive farming
changing the types of food produced
technology e.g. GM crops

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80
Q

How can increasing food access improve food security

A

trade - so food can be imported to countries that dont have enough however prices must be low enough for countries to be able to afford sufficient food

improving access to markets and transport links so farmers can sell their produce easier

aid

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81
Q

How can reducing waste help with improving food security

A

educating farmers on prevention of waste - pesticide s

improving shelf life and donating to food banks to reduce post production waste

consume less

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82
Q

Define birth rate

A

number of live births/1000/year

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83
Q

Define death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 per year

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84
Q

Define total fertility rate

A

average number of children will have when she is of reproductive age

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85
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

Number of children out of 1000 that will die before their first birthday

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86
Q

Define dependency ratio

A

proportion of population that has to be supported by the working population

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87
Q

What is the DTM

A

Shows how population of a country changes over time through five stages showing changes in birth and death rate as well as overall population

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88
Q

Describe stage 1 of the DTM

A

birth and death rate fluctuate at a high level and the population remains stable and low

Birth rate is high due to poor family planning and education
death rate is high and life expectancy is low because of poor healthcare, sanitisation and diet leading to disease and starvation

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89
Q

Describe stage two of the DTM

A

Death rate falls but birth rate remains high and the population increases rapidly

birth rate is still high due to poor family planning and education and stays high for labour reasons

Death rate falls and life expectancy increases due to improved healthcare, sanitisation and diet

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90
Q

Describe stage three of the DTM

A

Birth rate declines rapidly while death rate falls slowly and population increases at a slower rate

Birth rate decreases due to increased use f contraception, family planning and improvements in education. Birth rate also falls due to less need for manual labour as employment shifts to secondary sector
Birth rate falls as women begin to prioritise education

91
Q

Describe stage four of the DTM

A

birth and death rate fluctuate at a low level and population remains fairly stable

Birth rate stays low because increased access to and demand for luxuries means theres less money available for having children

fewer advantages for having children

92
Q

Describe stage 5 of the DTM

A

Birth rate begins to decline while death rate remains stable and the populations begin to decrease
Children are expensive to raise and many have dependant elderly relatives

Death rate remains stable as there are more elderly people

93
Q

What are some limitations of the DTM

A

original data was from richer countries so trend may not be the same for LIC
extreme poverty may cause a lack of population growth and prevent development through all the stages

doesn’t consider migration

Doesn’t consider other factors such as war and famine

94
Q

What cultural controls can affect natural population change

A

role of women
attitudes towards marriage
religion
population policeies

95
Q

How can the role of women affect natural population change

A

access to education and employment delays the age at which women start families and the size of their families
e.g. UK fertility rate is 1.89

96
Q

How can attitudes to marriage affect natural population change

A

in some countries there is a culture of women getting married young for example in Niger 75% of girls are married before they turn 18 and a fertility rate of 6.6

97
Q

How can religion affect natural population change

A

Different religions have different views on issues such as birth control and abortions for example the catholic church condemns contraception
Timor East Asia 98% of population is catholic and fertility rate is 5 children pre woman

98
Q

How can population policies affect natural population change

A

high levels pf population growth or decline may cause some governments to introduce population policies
e.g. France had a very low population growth so the government introduced subsidised childcare to encourage larger families
China one child policy

99
Q

Define demographic dividend

A

the potential for rapid economic growth in a country as its dependency ratio falls occuring at around stages 2 and 3 of the DTM
Bulge of young people in a population pyramid - oval shape

100
Q

What can narrow points in a population pyramid indicate

A

time in the past when birth rate was low or high death rate e.g. war

101
Q

What can wide parts in a population pyramid indicate

A

periods when birth rate was high

102
Q

How do you calculate the dependency ratio

A

young dependant (below 15) + elderly (65+)/ working population

103
Q

What are the three different types of migrants

A

economic
refugees
asylum seekers

104
Q

Define refugee

A

people who have been forced to flee their country and are unable to return because of persecution conflict or changes to the environment
e.g. 1.8million have fled South Sudan due to famine and conflict

105
Q

Define asylum seekers

A

people who have fled their country but have not yet had their application to be recognised as a refugee

106
Q

Define economic migrants

A

people who have moved to another country for work

107
Q

Define push factors

A

things that make people want to move out

108
Q

Define pull factors

A

attract people to a new place

109
Q

what are some examples of push factors

A

natural hazards
famine
political instability
persecution
lack of jobs
economic decline

110
Q

Give some example of pull factors

A

better climate
better access to healthcare
better quality of life
better salary

111
Q

What are some obstacles to migration

A

journey cost
language barriers
distance
prejudice

112
Q

What are demographic implications of international migration on the origin country

A

population decline
ageing population
gender imbalance

113
Q

What are demographic implications of international migration on the host country

A

population growth
increased working population
birth rate may rise

114
Q

What are economic implications of international migration on the origin country

A

remittances - Nepal 25% of GDP
brain drain

115
Q

What are economic implications of international migration on the host country

A

expansion of workforce can fill jobs and help economy grow
can lead to lack of jobs

116
Q

What are political implications of international migration on the origin country

A

loss of skilled workforce can lead to governments trying to discourage emigration and encourage migration in
introduction of programmes to increase fertility

117
Q

What are political implications of international migration on the host country

A

Some government policies may try to introduce policies to reduce immigration when theres a concern too many people are coming in
rise of extremist parties

118
Q

What are health implications of international migration on the origin country

A

country may have a shortage of healthcare professionals if many migrate somewhere else
most vulnerable (elderly) are left behind putting stress on the healthcare system

119
Q

What are health implications of international migration on the host country

A

pressure on healthcare services
spread of infectious diseases from their homes

120
Q

What are environmental implications of international migration on the origin country

A

reduced resource exploitation and farming
less funding for environmental management
abandoned buildings

121
Q

What are environmental implications of international migration on the host country

A

green spaces may be built on to keep up with increasing demand for housing
resource extraction for building materials - cement produces a lot of CO2
larger amount of waste to dispose of

122
Q

What are social implications of international migration on the origin country

A

families may be split up
easier to find a job when people leave
less pressure on education
education funding cuts
loss of culture if migrants return with new ideas

123
Q

What are social implications of international migration on the host country

A

increased cultural diversity
social tensions between migrants and locals
certain areas may become associated with migrants - people of similar backgrounds tend to live in a community

124
Q

define health

A

physical, mental and social wellbeing as well as the absence of disease

125
Q

Define HALE

A

healthy life expectancy
the number of years a new born child can expect to live in full health without major disease

126
Q

Describe global HALE

A

HALE is highest in more developed countries such as the UK, USA and Australia
HALE is lowest in LICs such as those in sub-saharan Africa

127
Q

Define morbidity

A

rate of disease in a population

128
Q

What are some morbidity factors

A

prevalence – number of cases
incidence – number of new cases

129
Q

Describe the morbidity pattern of infectious diseases

A

Theres high morbidity in LICs whereas it is lower in HIC

130
Q

Why is morbidity of infectious diseases high in LIC

A

lack of clean water, sanitation and healthcare. Limited education and overcrowding in urban areas

131
Q

Describe the pattern of morbidity of non-communicale diseases

A

High morbidity in HIC but lower in LIC

132
Q

why is morbidity of non-communicable diseases higher in HICs

A

higher proportion of elderly which are more likely to suffer from diseases associated with old age such as heart disease and cancer
unhealthy lifestyle and culture of consumerism and the risk of some diseases increases if you are obese

133
Q

Why is the risk of dying form a disease higher in LICs

A

malnutrition reduces the bodys ability to fight disease and poor access to healthcare means the population can’t access drugs or treatment

134
Q

What does epidemiological transition refer to

A

the main cause of mortality changes from infectious diseases to non-communicable over time. The model suggests that countries move over the stage as they become more economically and socially developed

135
Q

what is stage 1 of the epidemiological transition?

A

Age of pestilence and famine
high number of deaths from infectious diseases and average life expectancy is low
e.g. Angola

136
Q

what is stage 2 of the epidemiological transition?

A

Age of receding pandemics
number of deaths from infectious diseases falls due to better healthcare and living conditions
e.g. Haiti

137
Q

what is stage 3 of the epidemiological transition?

A

Age of degenerative man-made diseases
Non-communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as the main cause of death
e.g. Russia

138
Q

what is stage 4 of the epidemiological transition?

A

Delay of degenerative diseases
non-communicable diseases may be prevented or their onset delayed and death rate reduced by better treatment
Life expectancy is high
e.g. UK

139
Q

Why might non-infectious disease rates decrease as a country develops

A

malnutrition decreases as food security increases
clean water becomes more widely available
better access to healthcare
better hea;th education

140
Q

Why is there suggestions of a fifth stage of the epidemiological transition model

A

The re-emergence of infectious diseases due to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria along with increasing travel and trade allowing diseases to spread easier

141
Q

What factors associated with climate can increase the risk of disease

A

precipitation
temperature
extreme events
seasonality
sunlight

142
Q

How can precipitation increase the risk of diease

A

many vectors need water to survive so there are more infectious diseases in wetter climates
lack of precipitation can lead to droughts and famine

143
Q

how can temperature affect the risk of disease

A

many vectors can only survive above a certain temperature e.g. mosquitos carrying dengue fever - 10C
meaning many infectious diseases only occur in tropical climates

high temperatures can also increase diseases from food-borne vectors if food isn’t stored more likely

higher abundance of pollen which is an allergen

144
Q

how can extreme events affect the risk of disease

A

heavy rainfall can lead to flooding causing sewage systems to overflow contaminating water supplies

very low rainfall can lead to water-borne vectors being more concentrated in water sources

145
Q

How can seasonality affect risk of disease

A

Arctic areas experience very little daylight during the winter which can affect their mental health
Arctic areas have more seasonal affective disorder

146
Q

How can sunlight affect risk of disease

A

lack of sunlight can result in vitamin D deficiency leading to bone loss, kidney disease and intestinal problems
overexposure can lead to skin cancer

147
Q

What factors associated with topography can affect the risk of disease

A

drainage relief altitude

148
Q

How can drainage affect risk of disease

A

flood plains tend to have high population densities so when they flood drinking water can be contaminated leading to spread of cholera and typhoid
floods can also force people to move increasing pressure on resources

149
Q

how can relief affect the risk of disease

A

standing water collects at low points providing an ideal breeding ground for mosquitos

Urine from infected animals can also collect in areas where there is poor drainage

150
Q

How can altitude affect risk of disease

A

high altitudes can increase the risk of skin cancer

151
Q

How does poor air quality cause health problems

A

poisonous gasses such as CO and SO2 are produced from burning fossil fuels
Long-term exposures can cause respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis and well as cardiovascular disease and cancer

152
Q

How can poor water quality lead to poor health

A

many vectors tend to breed in water such as the anopheles mosquito
Many pathogens live in water that has been contaminated with faeces spread by either drinking the water or bathing in it

chemical toxins including heavy metals in the water can cause cancer and damage to the nervous system

153
Q

Give some examples of water-borne disease

A

hepatitis A
cholera

154
Q

How many people a year die from water-borne diseases

A

3.4 million

155
Q

How many people die from poor air quality a year

A

1.2 million

156
Q

What is the aim of the WHO

A

improving health on a global scale

157
Q

How does the WHO promote health

A

advising national governments on health issues
working with IGO and NGOs to limit outbreaks of diseases
Promoting research into health issues
monitoring deaths and diseases and sending resources where they are needed

158
Q

Give an example of the WHOs success

A

eradication of smallpox
1966-1980 global immunisation campaign

Ebola - increased number of treatment centres and measures to prevent transmission as well as helping to find a vaccine

MDG

159
Q

What are some criticisms of the WHO

A

over-beuraucratic

160
Q

What attributes of NGOs increase their potential effectiveness

A

ability to reach severe areas of need
promotion of local involvement
low cost operations
adaptiveness and innovation, independence and sustainability

161
Q

What is the aim of MSF

A

provide emergency medical aid such as vaccinations and surgeries wherever it is most needed

162
Q

what is population growth dynamics the study of

A

how and why population structures change over time

163
Q

what is population growth limited by

A

environmental factors such as climate, soil and geology as well as resource availability

164
Q

define optimum population

A

the ideal number of people in an area - all resources are used to give the highest economic return per person and therefore the highest standard of living

165
Q

define overpopulation

A

if the population of an area becomes too high for the available resources the standard of living falls - there isn’t enough food, water, etc.

166
Q

Define underpopulation

A

if the population declines or is too low there are too few people to use the available resources to their full potential and standard of living falls lower than it could be

167
Q

How can optimum population increase

A

as technology improves for example technology can help increase crop yields meaning there is more food available

168
Q

How can optimum population depend on population structure

A

low dependency ratio might mean a higher population can be supported because there is more economic growth

169
Q

define carrying capacity

A

largest population that an area is capable of supporting in the long-term

170
Q

What does carrying capacity depend on

A

population size and amount of resources consumed per individual

171
Q

describe the model showing how a slow growing population might change in response to the carrying capacity

A

a slow growing population reaches a resource limit and the growth rate of the population decreases and population size becomes stable

172
Q

Describe the model showing how a fast growing population may change in response to the carrying capacity

A

if a population grows very rapidly it may overshoot the resource limit and the population falls suddenly as death rates increase for example in the case of a famine the population may fluctuate around the carrying capacity before stabilising

173
Q

what is the name of the model showing environmental resistance on a population near the carrying capacity

A

sigmoidal curve

174
Q

define ecological footprint

A

way of measuring the environmental impact of human activities by calculating the amount of productive land required to produce the goods and services being used

175
Q

define global hectares

A

unit of measurement
the amount of land of average productivity that is required

176
Q

According to the UN what will happen by the time population reaches 9.6billion

A

almost three planets’ worth of natural resources would be required to sustain current lifesdtyles

177
Q

what does the PRP model show

A

shows the effects of resource extraction and use
the relationship between people and the environment - population, resource acquisition, resource use, pollution

178
Q

Give examples of positive feedback in the PRP model

A

Population growth leads to increased resource acquisition and use of fuel to transport food reducing malnutrition causing populations to increase

179
Q

Give examples of negative feedback in the PRP model

A

as population increases more resources are acquired and used leading to increased pollution which has negative effects on humans for example health problems and can lead to a decrease in population

180
Q

what are the contrasting theories on the future of population change

A

malthusian
neo-malthusian
boserupian
simon

181
Q

describe malthus’ theory about the future of population change

A

populations can grow exponentially (more and more rapidly) whereas food supply can only grow arithmetically (at a constant rate)
he believed that when a population increases to the point where there are too many people for the food available population size will be reduced by events such as famine war and disease

182
Q

What is a problem with Malthus’ theory

A

It was based on the idea that the rate of growth in food production can’t increase but it’s actually increased rapidly since the 18th century due to technological advancement

183
Q

Describe the neo-malthusian theory of future population changes

A

that population growth rates were increasing faster than the rate of production
they believed that rapid population growth was an obstacle to development and should be slowed down
they argued that humans can live indefinitely on Earth if they limit population growth and use resources more sustainably

184
Q

What is the club of rome

A

international think tank of neo-Malthusians

185
Q

Why might some people disagree with the neo-Malthusian view point

A

some believe there are enough resources to support a larger population but the problem is the distribution of resources

186
Q

Describe Boserups’ theory on the future of population change

A

she believed that however big the worlds population grows people would always produce sufficient food to meet their needs
she believed farming methods would intensify as well as developments in technology

187
Q

provide evidence to support Bosreups theory

A

genetic modification to increase food production
the use of agrochemicals and hydroponics

188
Q

What are some reasons to disagree with Boserup

A

it is uncertain that food production will be able to keep up with the expanding human population in the long term

189
Q

Describe Simons’ theory of future population change

A

Argued that population increase was positive for humanity and that the ultimate resource was the human minds
with a growing population he believed that the world would produce enough intelligent people to solve the problems that arise so resources wouldnt run out

190
Q

what are some criticisms of Simons’ theory

A

conditions in some countries have worsened as climate has changed

191
Q

Describe the risks UV radiation causes

A

skin cancer - 2012 55000 deaths worldwide
cataracts - when the lens of the eye gradually becomes more opaque causing blurred vision - 20millio blind due to skin cataracts and 20% is caused by uv exposure

192
Q

how is climate change affecting public health - temperature

A

Heatwaves become more common and intense and many areas will receive warmer summers- this can lead to thermal stress which will increase deaths especially among the elderly and people suffering from respiratory and cardiovascular disease

winters will get milder so less cold-related deaths

disease vectors may spread to new regions for example the anophales mosquito may migrate north

193
Q

how is climate change affecting public health - precipitation

A

vector borne and water borne diseases emerge in areas with higher rainfall particularly those that flood more frequently
Lack of rainfall can lead to droughts, crop failure and famine

194
Q

how is climate change affecting public health -agricultural productivity negatives

A

rising temperatures lead to more evaporation and increasing rates of salinisation making them vulnerable to desertification reducing yields
seasonal patterns may change e.g. in Indonesia rainy season is supposed to be more intense and shorter
rising sea levels cause saltwater intrusion

194
Q

how is climate change affecting public health -agricultural productivity

A

rising temperatures lead to more evaporation and increasing rates of salinisation making them vulnerable to desertification reducing yields
seasonal patterns may change e.g. in Indonesia rainy season is supposed to be more intense and shorter
rising sea levels cause saltwater intrusion

It may make some areas more productive as warmer temperatures may mean a longer growing season
crops such as peaches and melons can be grown in more areas

195
Q

how is climate change affecting public health -agricultural productivity positives

A

It may make some areas more productive as warmer temperatures may mean a longer growing season
crops such as peaches and melons can be grown in more areas

196
Q

how is climate change affecting public health -nutritional standards

A

decreasing crop yields most in tropical regions so areas where hunger was already a problem are getting less food

may affect the types of food that people consume - if ghg emissions remain high availability of fruits and vegetables will decrease in some developing countries - estimated 500,000deaths by 2050 caused by changing diets

increase in food prices making food less affordable for poorer countries increasing hunger and reducing dietary diversity

rise in obesity due to unhealthy food being cheaper

197
Q

What is happening to the rate of population growth

A

it is slowing down from 1.24% per year to 1.18%

198
Q

What are the two key factors driving global population change

A

decreasing fertility rate - fell from 4.98 in 1960 to 2.45 in 2015 however it is still high enough for population to continue increasing overall

increasing life expectancy - more children are surviving beyond infancy and people are living longer

199
Q

Why is there a lot of uncertainty with population predictions

A

they are assumptions based on past and present fertility and mortality trends and different groups base their projections on different assumptions leading to different results

accuracy depends on whether the trends continue - e.g. a major investment n family planning could significantly reduce birth rates

factors such as war and disease could have an effect on future population sizes

200
Q

why does population change vary around the world and give examples

A

fertility is changing at different rates e.g. in Latin America and Asia fertility rates have recently fallen rapidly but in Sub-Saharn Africa they are falling slowly

201
Q

why are developed countries experiencing low population growth

A

low birth rates as in some countries the fertility rate is lower than the replacement rate of just over 2 children per couple and experiencing natural population decline e.g. Japan

202
Q

which continent will experience the largest population growth until 2050

A

Africa its population is expected to more than double

203
Q

Which continents population is likely to decrease by 2050

A

europe

204
Q

Describe the expected change in the most populous countries

A

China and India to remain the two most populous but India will overtake China

Nigeria is predicted to rise from 7th to 3rd most populous country by 2050 because it has the fastest growing population in the world

205
Q

How is population growth a potential threat to the environment

A

larger demand for resources means more environmental damage e.g. deforestation and soil erosion
However as population growth is slowing this reduces long term impact of an increasing number of people

206
Q

Describe how increasing consumption is a potential threat to the environment

A

consumption is likely to increase with economic development resource use is becoming more efficient due to technological development and regulations being implemented that reduce consumption such as the paris agreement

however consumption may increase faster than resource efficiency leading to exhaustion of some resources

207
Q

Describe how technological advances may change the population-environment relationship

A

in agriculture and renewable energy generation can help reduce pollution and mitigate climate change
Developed countries can also share technology to help developing countries develop in a sustainable way

208
Q

Describe how education can change the population-environment relationship

A

can make people think about their consumption patterns and how they impact on the environment resulting in behavioural changes such as buying locally grown produce and wasting less

209
Q

describe how poly changes affect the population-environment relationship

A

can reduce a countries consumption e.g. offering incentives for renewable energy schemes and promoting public transport

210
Q

what are the political changes driven by human population growth

A

pressure to use protected areas
managing of resources sustainably
managing population size and structure
conflict over resources ‘dealing with international migration crises

211
Q

what are the environmental challenges driven by human population growth

A

increased pollution
more waste
climate change
desertification
degradation

212
Q

what are the economic challenges driven by population growth

A

more energy use
more production of goods
increased unemployment
scarce resources
price rises
poverty increased wealth gap

213
Q

What are the social challenges driven by population growth

A

increased population size and density
disease
provision of adequate education and healthcare
demand for housing

214
Q

what are the challenges presented to water by future population-environment relationships

A

strain on water resources locally and globally
chronic water scarcity
critical for food production
increased water pollution
hydrological uncertainty

215
Q

what are the challenges presented to food by future population-environment relationships

A

pressure on land and farming systems
soil erosion and desertification
competes with non-food agricultural produce including cotton
further strain on water supply

216
Q

what are the challenges presented to energy by future population-environment relationships

A

demand expected to increase by 35% by 2035
depletion of non-renewable resources
increased ghg emissions
pressure on fuelwood supplies

217
Q

what are the challenges presented to minerals by future population-environment relationships

A

depletion and scarcity
destruction of landscapes and ecosystems
increased energy demand
pollution of water courses

218
Q

what are the opportunities presented to water by future population-environment relationships

A

better management - IWRM- to increase supply and storage
use of better technology such as drip irrigation
desalinisation
cloud seeding

219
Q

what are the opportunities presented to food by future population-environment relationships

A

scope for increased yields with less wastage
shift to healthier more sustainable diets
mycoprotein
GM crops
climate change may increase production in some regions
growth of aquaculture more efficient equitable food distribution

220
Q

what are the opportunities presented to energy by future population-environment relationships

A

shift to renewable energy
new technology developed to access new supplies of fossil fuels
investment in hydrogen technology
energy conservation

221
Q

what are the opportunities presented to minerals by future population-environment relationships

A

technology to exploit low-grade ores
reduce consumption
use more abundant substitute
recycling

222
Q

how has Japan been affected by migration

A

2019 ICRR act opened Japan’s doors to lower skilled foreign workers however government still only target certain industries to prevent backlash

Japan has a permanent immigrant population of around 3 million - 2.4% mainly from neighbouring east Asian countries such as China and Vietnam who integrate more easily

Also accepts skilled nurses from Indonesia and Phillippines

A level human geography (3 decks)

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