population and environment Flashcards
1
Q
what is the size of a population influenced by
A
how many people the environment of that area can support
2
Q
Define population distribution
A
pattern of where people live
3
Q
Give an example of uneven population distribution
A
In China over 90% of the population live in the Eastern part of the country due to much of the Western area bein unhabitable due to mountains and desert
4
Q
Define population density
A
The population of an area divided by the size of that area/ number of people per square kilometre
5
Q
Where are the areas of highest population density located?
A
South and East Asia
6
Q
What prevented population rise
A
Famine disease war
7
Q
Why has population increased since 1950
A
Improvements in medicine and food production
increased life expectancy and reduced infant mortality
8
Q
What three physical aspects affect populations
A
climate
soils
resource ditribution
9
Q
describe how climate has an affect on population size
A
few people live in arid areas such as the Sahar, but many live in temperate climates such as the UK
Tropical and temperate climates usually have the highest population sizes and densities due to ability to produce food
10
Q
How will climate change affect population size in the future
A
It can affect population distribution, for example in coastal areas where sea levels are rising people are moving inland or even abandoning their islands
It is also causing levels of nutrition to fall in some countries
11
Q
How does soil affect population
A
Soil fertility determines the amount and types of food that can be produced in a region and has played a role in determining where human settlements have developed
Soil erosion can cause people to migrate to other places as agriculture becomes difficult
12
Q
some examples of how soil has affected populations
A
Naples is built near a volcano where soil fertility is high
Bangladesh have large floodplains which are very fertile so it can support large scale agriculture and feed the large population
13
Q
Describe how resource distribution can affect populations
A
Population growth and density is linked to availability of fresh water and other resources - most deserts have small populations because of lack of water
lack of safe water can lead to food insecurity causing populations to decrease
Places with a lot of naturally occurring food and fuel are able to support fairly large populations
14
Q
Give examples of revolutions that have affected population size and distribution
A
neolithic revolution
industrial revolution
15
Q
Describe the neolithic revolution
A
the development of agriculture and shift from hunting and gathering to farming and permanent settlements
this caused populations to increase as food supply become more reliable
16
Q
Describe the industrial revolution and its impacts
A
1760-1850
rapid rise in the use of machinery and factories in developed countries and coincided with population growth
e.g. Britains population more than doubled - death rates fell because of increased food production and higher incomes so people had better diets
17
Q
How has global food production changed over the last 50 years
A
the area of agricultural land has increased as well as technological advances such as irrigation and pesticides have made it possible to produce more food from less land
18
Q
What is the pattern of global cereal production
A
Most is produced in N.America, China and Brazil - temperate climates and countries which have enough money to invest in agriculture
19
Q
Why do East Asia and North America produce a lot of food
A
Climates that are good for farming
lots of investment into agriculture
20
Q
Why do Central America and Africa produce relatively small amounts of food
A
Lack of resources and funding
large areas of land unsuitable for farmins- desert
Unsuitable climates
21
Q
How has global food consumption changed
A
More food is being consumed worldwide as population increases and countries become more economically developed
22
Q
Describe global food consumption
A
More developed areas like North America and Europe consume a lot as they can afford to import a large variety of foods and have a culture of cu=consumerism as well as the majority of the population having a large disposable income - up to 3539kcal
Less developed areas Such as Africa S.A and Asia consume less in sub -Saharan Africa less than 2546 kcal
23
Q
How does the type of food consumed vary between countries
A
Meat costs more t produce than plant-based food so it makes up a bigger proportion of the diet in developed countries
meat consumption 2020
USA - 149kg per capita
Ethiopia -8.3kg per capita
24
Q
What kind of systems are farms
A
Open systems as energy and matter can be lost or gained from the environment
25
Define agricultural productivity
measure of the amount of food that is produced in an area -ratio of agricultural output
26
What are the different types of farming
Commercial
subsistence
intensive
extensive
nomadic
27
Describe commercial farming
production of crops or livestock to make a profit - has a high agricultural productivity and more common in developed countries
28
Describe subsistence farming
When just enough food is grown to feed a family and has a lower agricultural productivity
29
Describe intensive farming
As much as possible is produced from the land
Capital intensive - high input of capital and low labour input
labour-intensive - uses a lot of abour
30
escribe extensive farming
The opposite of intensive - has a low capital and labour input and produces less food but has better welfare and less impact on the environment
31
Describe nomadic farming
farmers move from place to place to grow crops or graze animals on different land
32
What factors can affect agricultural productivity
Climate
soil
33
describe how climate can affect agriculture
Affects how successfully plants can grow in an area and the animals that can survive there
Some crops are adapted to certain climates such as pineapples and sub-tropical climates
some climates make it difficult to farm such as frozen ground
34
Describe how soil can impact agriculture
some soils are of poor quality and lack of nutrients such as desert soil
Different soils are suited to different types of farming for example some soils are too shallow or not fertile enough to grow crops so are used for grazing
35
Describe polar climates
mainly found above 66 latitude and experience the coldest temperatures on the planet and have very little precipitation
Arctic - North - temperature can reach below -40 and precipitation is less than 100mm per year
Antarctic - South - Temperatures can fall below -80 and the interior receives less than 50mm/year but precipitation in coastal areas in higher
36
Why are polar population sizes low
Agricultural productivity is low - subsistence
arable farming generally isnt possible due to ground often being frozen solid so Arctic diets are mostly meat based
Migration to leave the most extreme winters
People have adapted to cold temperatures with clothing and building methods
37
Describe how the climate affects development in polar regions
Low temperatures and frozen ground make it hard for people to work or construct building there
buildings also mustn't melt permafrost
Commercial fishing only takes place where there is less ice
Most of the work is seasonal - tourism and oil
38
Describe arid climates
Usually receive less than 250mm of rain / year
Hot deserts occur at around 30 North and South of the equator e.g. Sahara and max temperatures can reach above 40
temperate deserts occur at higher latitudes they are cooler but still very arid
39
Describe population distribution in arid areas
pop. is low and there are clusters of settlements around water sources
40
How is the arid climate a challenge for people
agriculture is impossible in most areas because rain falls very infrequently usually in the form of heavy rainstorms leading to flash flooding and soil erosion
most farming is nomadic
Water can be drawn from oases and crops can be grown in shade so these methods allow people to settle around oases
41
What are some of the modern solutions to challenges of arid climates
Groundwater for irrigation can be more easily accessed by motored pups
Drip irrigation minimises evaporation
Economic development is often hindered by climate but major cities can develop if there is enough money to invest in obtaining water
42
What are the impacts of climate change on agriculture
Decreasing agricultural productivity due to reduced rainfall
Agricultural productivity may increase in some areas as climate and precipitation may increase and get warmer more north
May be changes to the type of crops grown
Agricultural pests and diseases may increase in some areas
43
What are zonal soils
fully developed soils
44
How are soils formed
from a combination of minerals from weathered bedrock and organic matter
45
How do soil and climate link
Climate determines the rate of weathering of the bedrock and the type of vegetation that grows there and its rate of decomposition
46
Describe the distribution of podzols
Occur in cool temperate climates in the northern hemisphere where there is more precipitation and evapotranspiration
Usually found under coniferous woodland or heather moorland
47
Describe the O horizon of podzols
The layer of needled from the coniferous trees or heather leaf litter
48
Describe the A layer of podzols
A narrow acidic layer and nutrients are leached from the Ahorizon by water
49
Describe the E horizon of podzols
Because of the acidity of the water travelling through the soil is more able to dissolve certain minerals such as irons - leaching of these minerals creates an e horizon formed mainly of quartz, sand and silt
50
Describe the B horizon of podzols
Minerals accumulate in the b horizon and and iron pan forms which is a hard continuous deposited layer of iron
51
why are podzols not good for agriculture
acidity and lack of nutrients means few crops are able to grow
formation of hard pan can prevent water draining away making the soil vulnerable to waterlogging making ploughing difficult and machinery sinks
Some arable farming does take place but requires treatment with lime to reduce acidity
52
Give the layers of soils
O - humus
A- topsoil
E- silt and sand
B- minerals from above accumulate
C- mainly broken bedrock
53
what is the distribution of latosols
Latosols are found under tropical rainforests
the high temperature and humidity in the tropics encourages fast chemical weathering of bedrock forming soils up to 30-40m deep
54
Describe the o horizon of latosols
Year round plant growth means that the O horizon is quite thick however as soon as leaf litter decomposes it turns to humus and its nutrients are absorbed by vegetation rather than soil
55
describe the a horizon of latosols
very thin fertile layer because humus nutrients is absorbed by vegetation rather than staying soil
56
Describe the e horizon of latosols
pale layer of silt and sand and other minerals that have been leached
57
Describe the b horizon of latosols
Rainfall is higher than evapotranspiration in rainforests causing a soil moisture surplus meaning there is a lot of leaching silicate minerals are leached out from b horizon but less soluble iron compounds are left behind giving it a red colour
58
How can latosols affect human activity
latosols are poor for agriculture due to their low nutrient content so once the forest is removed it has no protection from the rainfall leaching increases and it has even less nutrients
laterite horizon is hard when dry so is useful to build on
59
What are some factors that can make soil more vulnerable to erosion
clearing vegetation
topography
climate
land use
60
Why is soil erosion a threat to agriculture
it removes nutrients and reduces the soils ability to hold water
almost 30% of the worlds land has become unproductive due to soil erosion in the last 40 years
61
What are some management strategies to reduce soil erosion
crop rotation
windbreaks
terracing
contour ploughing
slowing down run off
62
define waterlogging
caused when spaces between soil spaces fill with water
63
what are some causes of waterlogging
hard pans blocking drainage
too much irrigation
high precipitation
64
What problems are caused by waterlogging
plant roots can rot
soil temperature decreases
land is hard to plough
crops may be out competed by weeds
65
What are some ways to manage water logging
Avoid over-watering
drain the soil using pipes
add sand to soil and change its composition so that there are more air spaces
66
Define salinisation
build up of salts in the soil
67
What are the causes of salinisation
water evaporates leaving behind salt
not enough rainfall to leach away salts
irrigation water containing salt
over - fertilising
68
What are the problems caused by salinisation
May be toxic to plants
can dehydrate plant
69
What are some ways to manage salinisation
Avoid waterlogging
only use as much water for irrigation as needed
add appropriate amount of fertiliser
70
Define structural deterioration
when pore spaces in soil are lost
71
What are the causes of structural deterioration
Use of heavy machinery
removal of vegetation as roots help maintain soil structure
salinisation causes clay particles to clump together
72
What are the problems caused by structural deterioration
difficult for plant roots to grow
reduced soil capacity for water
land is hard to plough
73
What are the ways to manage structural deterioration
Avoid compaction by moving livestock
maintain vegetation cover
adding sand to clay soils to change the structure
avoid salinisation
74
Define food availability
a country must provide a sufficient amount of food
75
fine food security
reliable access to affordable food
76
Define food access
People must be able to regularly obtain food
77
Define food quality and use
the food that people consume must be nutritious enough for them to maintain a healthy life and it must be stored and prepared in a way that is hygienic
78
What are the 3 different strategies to improving food production
increasing food production
increasing food access
reducing waste
79
How can increasing food production improve food security
Agricultural expansion
intensive farming
changing the types of food produced
technology e.g. GM crops
80
How can increasing food access improve food security
trade - so food can be imported to countries that dont have enough however prices must be low enough for countries to be able to afford sufficient food
improving access to markets and transport links so farmers can sell their produce easier
aid
81
How can reducing waste help with improving food security
educating farmers on prevention of waste - pesticide s
improving shelf life and donating to food banks to reduce post production waste
consume less
82
Define birth rate
number of live births/1000/year
83
Define death rate
number of deaths per 1000 per year
84
Define total fertility rate
average number of children will have when she is of reproductive age
85
Define infant mortality rate
Number of children out of 1000 that will die before their first birthday
86
Define dependency ratio
proportion of population that has to be supported by the working population
87
What is the DTM
Shows how population of a country changes over time through five stages showing changes in birth and death rate as well as overall population
88
Describe stage 1 of the DTM
birth and death rate fluctuate at a high level and the population remains stable and low
Birth rate is high due to poor family planning and education
death rate is high and life expectancy is low because of poor healthcare, sanitisation and diet leading to disease and starvation
89
Describe stage two of the DTM
Death rate falls but birth rate remains high and the population increases rapidly
birth rate is still high due to poor family planning and education and stays high for labour reasons
Death rate falls and life expectancy increases due to improved healthcare, sanitisation and diet
90
Describe stage three of the DTM
Birth rate declines rapidly while death rate falls slowly and population increases at a slower rate
Birth rate decreases due to increased use f contraception, family planning and improvements in education. Birth rate also falls due to less need for manual labour as employment shifts to secondary sector
Birth rate falls as women begin to prioritise education
91
Describe stage four of the DTM
birth and death rate fluctuate at a low level and population remains fairly stable
Birth rate stays low because increased access to and demand for luxuries means theres less money available for having children
fewer advantages for having children
92
Describe stage 5 of the DTM
Birth rate begins to decline while death rate remains stable and the populations begin to decrease
Children are expensive to raise and many have dependant elderly relatives
Death rate remains stable as there are more elderly people
93
What are some limitations of the DTM
original data was from richer countries so trend may not be the same for LIC
extreme poverty may cause a lack of population growth and prevent development through all the stages
doesn't consider migration
Doesn't consider other factors such as war and famine
94
What cultural controls can affect natural population change
role of women
attitudes towards marriage
religion
population policeies
95
How can the role of women affect natural population change
access to education and employment delays the age at which women start families and the size of their families
e.g. UK fertility rate is 1.89
96
How can attitudes to marriage affect natural population change
in some countries there is a culture of women getting married young for example in Niger 75% of girls are married before they turn 18 and a fertility rate of 6.6
97
How can religion affect natural population change
Different religions have different views on issues such as birth control and abortions for example the catholic church condemns contraception
Timor East Asia 98% of population is catholic and fertility rate is 5 children pre woman
98
How can population policies affect natural population change
high levels pf population growth or decline may cause some governments to introduce population policies
e.g. France had a very low population growth so the government introduced subsidised childcare to encourage larger families
China one child policy
99
Define demographic dividend
the potential for rapid economic growth in a country as its dependency ratio falls occuring at around stages 2 and 3 of the DTM
Bulge of young people in a population pyramid - oval shape
100
What can narrow points in a population pyramid indicate
time in the past when birth rate was low or high death rate e.g. war
101
What can wide parts in a population pyramid indicate
periods when birth rate was high
102
How do you calculate the dependency ratio
young dependant (below 15) + elderly (65+)/ working population
103
What are the three different types of migrants
economic
refugees
asylum seekers
104
Define refugee
people who have been forced to flee their country and are unable to return because of persecution conflict or changes to the environment
e.g. 1.8million have fled South Sudan due to famine and conflict
105
Define asylum seekers
people who have fled their country but have not yet had their application to be recognised as a refugee
106
Define economic migrants
people who have moved to another country for work
107
Define push factors
things that make people want to move out
108
Define pull factors
attract people to a new place
109
what are some examples of push factors
natural hazards
famine
political instability
persecution
lack of jobs
economic decline
110
Give some example of pull factors
better climate
better access to healthcare
better quality of life
better salary
111
What are some obstacles to migration
journey cost
language barriers
distance
prejudice
112
What are demographic implications of international migration on the origin country
population decline
ageing population
gender imbalance
113
What are demographic implications of international migration on the host country
population growth
increased working population
birth rate may rise
114
What are economic implications of international migration on the origin country
remittances - Nepal 25% of GDP
brain drain
115
What are economic implications of international migration on the host country
expansion of workforce can fill jobs and help economy grow
can lead to lack of jobs
116
What are political implications of international migration on the origin country
loss of skilled workforce can lead to governments trying to discourage emigration and encourage migration in
introduction of programmes to increase fertility
117
What are political implications of international migration on the host country
Some government policies may try to introduce policies to reduce immigration when theres a concern too many people are coming in
rise of extremist parties
118
What are health implications of international migration on the origin country
country may have a shortage of healthcare professionals if many migrate somewhere else
most vulnerable (elderly) are left behind putting stress on the healthcare system
119
What are health implications of international migration on the host country
pressure on healthcare services
spread of infectious diseases from their homes
120
What are environmental implications of international migration on the origin country
reduced resource exploitation and farming
less funding for environmental management
abandoned buildings
121
What are environmental implications of international migration on the host country
green spaces may be built on to keep up with increasing demand for housing
resource extraction for building materials - cement produces a lot of CO2
larger amount of waste to dispose of
122
What are social implications of international migration on the origin country
families may be split up
easier to find a job when people leave
less pressure on education
education funding cuts
loss of culture if migrants return with new ideas
123
What are social implications of international migration on the host country
increased cultural diversity
social tensions between migrants and locals
certain areas may become associated with migrants - people of similar backgrounds tend to live in a community
124
define health
physical, mental and social wellbeing as well as the absence of disease
125
Define HALE
healthy life expectancy
the number of years a new born child can expect to live in full health without major disease
126
Describe global HALE
HALE is highest in more developed countries such as the UK, USA and Australia
HALE is lowest in LICs such as those in sub-saharan Africa
127
Define morbidity
rate of disease in a population
128
What are some morbidity factors
prevalence -- number of cases
incidence -- number of new cases
129
Describe the morbidity pattern of infectious diseases
Theres high morbidity in LICs whereas it is lower in HIC
130
Why is morbidity of infectious diseases high in LIC
lack of clean water, sanitation and healthcare. Limited education and overcrowding in urban areas
131
Describe the pattern of morbidity of non-communicale diseases
High morbidity in HIC but lower in LIC
132
why is morbidity of non-communicable diseases higher in HICs
higher proportion of elderly which are more likely to suffer from diseases associated with old age such as heart disease and cancer
unhealthy lifestyle and culture of consumerism and the risk of some diseases increases if you are obese
133
Why is the risk of dying form a disease higher in LICs
malnutrition reduces the bodys ability to fight disease and poor access to healthcare means the population can't access drugs or treatment
134
What does epidemiological transition refer to
the main cause of mortality changes from infectious diseases to non-communicable over time. The model suggests that countries move over the stage as they become more economically and socially developed
135
what is stage 1 of the epidemiological transition?
Age of pestilence and famine
high number of deaths from infectious diseases and average life expectancy is low
e.g. Angola
136
what is stage 2 of the epidemiological transition?
Age of receding pandemics
number of deaths from infectious diseases falls due to better healthcare and living conditions
e.g. Haiti
137
what is stage 3 of the epidemiological transition?
Age of degenerative man-made diseases
Non-communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as the main cause of death
e.g. Russia
138
what is stage 4 of the epidemiological transition?
Delay of degenerative diseases
non-communicable diseases may be prevented or their onset delayed and death rate reduced by better treatment
Life expectancy is high
e.g. UK
139
Why might non-infectious disease rates decrease as a country develops
malnutrition decreases as food security increases
clean water becomes more widely available
better access to healthcare
better hea;th education
140
Why is there suggestions of a fifth stage of the epidemiological transition model
The re-emergence of infectious diseases due to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria along with increasing travel and trade allowing diseases to spread easier
141
What factors associated with climate can increase the risk of disease
precipitation
temperature
extreme events
seasonality
sunlight
142
How can precipitation increase the risk of diease
many vectors need water to survive so there are more infectious diseases in wetter climates
lack of precipitation can lead to droughts and famine
143
how can temperature affect the risk of disease
many vectors can only survive above a certain temperature e.g. mosquitos carrying dengue fever - 10C
meaning many infectious diseases only occur in tropical climates
high temperatures can also increase diseases from food-borne vectors if food isn't stored more likely
higher abundance of pollen which is an allergen
144
how can extreme events affect the risk of disease
heavy rainfall can lead to flooding causing sewage systems to overflow contaminating water supplies
very low rainfall can lead to water-borne vectors being more concentrated in water sources
145
How can seasonality affect risk of disease
Arctic areas experience very little daylight during the winter which can affect their mental health
Arctic areas have more seasonal affective disorder
146
How can sunlight affect risk of disease
lack of sunlight can result in vitamin D deficiency leading to bone loss, kidney disease and intestinal problems
overexposure can lead to skin cancer
147
What factors associated with topography can affect the risk of disease
drainage relief altitude
148
How can drainage affect risk of disease
flood plains tend to have high population densities so when they flood drinking water can be contaminated leading to spread of cholera and typhoid
floods can also force people to move increasing pressure on resources
149
how can relief affect the risk of disease
standing water collects at low points providing an ideal breeding ground for mosquitos
Urine from infected animals can also collect in areas where there is poor drainage
150
How can altitude affect risk of disease
high altitudes can increase the risk of skin cancer
151
How does poor air quality cause health problems
poisonous gasses such as CO and SO2 are produced from burning fossil fuels
Long-term exposures can cause respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis and well as cardiovascular disease and cancer
152
How can poor water quality lead to poor health
many vectors tend to breed in water such as the anopheles mosquito
Many pathogens live in water that has been contaminated with faeces spread by either drinking the water or bathing in it
chemical toxins including heavy metals in the water can cause cancer and damage to the nervous system
153
Give some examples of water-borne disease
hepatitis A
cholera
154
How many people a year die from water-borne diseases
3.4 million
155
How many people die from poor air quality a year
1.2 million
156
What is the aim of the WHO
improving health on a global scale
157
How does the WHO promote health
advising national governments on health issues
working with IGO and NGOs to limit outbreaks of diseases
Promoting research into health issues
monitoring deaths and diseases and sending resources where they are needed
158
Give an example of the WHOs success
eradication of smallpox
1966-1980 global immunisation campaign
Ebola - increased number of treatment centres and measures to prevent transmission as well as helping to find a vaccine
MDG
159
What are some criticisms of the WHO
over-beuraucratic
160
What attributes of NGOs increase their potential effectiveness
ability to reach severe areas of need
promotion of local involvement
low cost operations
adaptiveness and innovation, independence and sustainability
161
What is the aim of MSF
provide emergency medical aid such as vaccinations and surgeries wherever it is most needed
162
what is population growth dynamics the study of
how and why population structures change over time
163
what is population growth limited by
environmental factors such as climate, soil and geology as well as resource availability
164
define optimum population
the ideal number of people in an area - all resources are used to give the highest economic return per person and therefore the highest standard of living
165
define overpopulation
if the population of an area becomes too high for the available resources the standard of living falls - there isn't enough food, water, etc.
166
Define underpopulation
if the population declines or is too low there are too few people to use the available resources to their full potential and standard of living falls lower than it could be
167
How can optimum population increase
as technology improves for example technology can help increase crop yields meaning there is more food available
168
How can optimum population depend on population structure
low dependency ratio might mean a higher population can be supported because there is more economic growth
169
define carrying capacity
largest population that an area is capable of supporting in the long-term
170
What does carrying capacity depend on
population size and amount of resources consumed per individual
171
describe the model showing how a slow growing population might change in response to the carrying capacity
a slow growing population reaches a resource limit and the growth rate of the population decreases and population size becomes stable
172
Describe the model showing how a fast growing population may change in response to the carrying capacity
if a population grows very rapidly it may overshoot the resource limit and the population falls suddenly as death rates increase for example in the case of a famine the population may fluctuate around the carrying capacity before stabilising
173
what is the name of the model showing environmental resistance on a population near the carrying capacity
sigmoidal curve
174
define ecological footprint
way of measuring the environmental impact of human activities by calculating the amount of productive land required to produce the goods and services being used
175
define global hectares
unit of measurement
the amount of land of average productivity that is required
176
According to the UN what will happen by the time population reaches 9.6billion
almost three planets' worth of natural resources would be required to sustain current lifesdtyles
177
what does the PRP model show
shows the effects of resource extraction and use
the relationship between people and the environment - population, resource acquisition, resource use, pollution
178
Give examples of positive feedback in the PRP model
Population growth leads to increased resource acquisition and use of fuel to transport food reducing malnutrition causing populations to increase
179
Give examples of negative feedback in the PRP model
as population increases more resources are acquired and used leading to increased pollution which has negative effects on humans for example health problems and can lead to a decrease in population
180
what are the contrasting theories on the future of population change
malthusian
neo-malthusian
boserupian
simon
181
describe malthus' theory about the future of population change
populations can grow exponentially (more and more rapidly) whereas food supply can only grow arithmetically (at a constant rate)
he believed that when a population increases to the point where there are too many people for the food available population size will be reduced by events such as famine war and disease
182
What is a problem with Malthus' theory
It was based on the idea that the rate of growth in food production can't increase but it's actually increased rapidly since the 18th century due to technological advancement
183
Describe the neo-malthusian theory of future population changes
that population growth rates were increasing faster than the rate of production
they believed that rapid population growth was an obstacle to development and should be slowed down
they argued that humans can live indefinitely on Earth if they limit population growth and use resources more sustainably
184
What is the club of rome
international think tank of neo-Malthusians
185
Why might some people disagree with the neo-Malthusian view point
some believe there are enough resources to support a larger population but the problem is the distribution of resources
186
Describe Boserups' theory on the future of population change
she believed that however big the worlds population grows people would always produce sufficient food to meet their needs
she believed farming methods would intensify as well as developments in technology
187
provide evidence to support Bosreups theory
genetic modification to increase food production
the use of agrochemicals and hydroponics
188
What are some reasons to disagree with Boserup
it is uncertain that food production will be able to keep up with the expanding human population in the long term
189
Describe Simons' theory of future population change
Argued that population increase was positive for humanity and that the ultimate resource was the human minds
with a growing population he believed that the world would produce enough intelligent people to solve the problems that arise so resources wouldnt run out
190
what are some criticisms of Simons' theory
conditions in some countries have worsened as climate has changed
191
Describe the risks UV radiation causes
skin cancer - 2012 55000 deaths worldwide
cataracts - when the lens of the eye gradually becomes more opaque causing blurred vision - 20millio blind due to skin cataracts and 20% is caused by uv exposure
192
how is climate change affecting public health - temperature
Heatwaves become more common and intense and many areas will receive warmer summers- this can lead to thermal stress which will increase deaths especially among the elderly and people suffering from respiratory and cardiovascular disease
winters will get milder so less cold-related deaths
disease vectors may spread to new regions for example the anophales mosquito may migrate north
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how is climate change affecting public health - precipitation
vector borne and water borne diseases emerge in areas with higher rainfall particularly those that flood more frequently
Lack of rainfall can lead to droughts, crop failure and famine
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how is climate change affecting public health -agricultural productivity negatives
rising temperatures lead to more evaporation and increasing rates of salinisation making them vulnerable to desertification reducing yields
seasonal patterns may change e.g. in Indonesia rainy season is supposed to be more intense and shorter
rising sea levels cause saltwater intrusion
194
how is climate change affecting public health -agricultural productivity
rising temperatures lead to more evaporation and increasing rates of salinisation making them vulnerable to desertification reducing yields
seasonal patterns may change e.g. in Indonesia rainy season is supposed to be more intense and shorter
rising sea levels cause saltwater intrusion
It may make some areas more productive as warmer temperatures may mean a longer growing season
crops such as peaches and melons can be grown in more areas
195
how is climate change affecting public health -agricultural productivity positives
It may make some areas more productive as warmer temperatures may mean a longer growing season
crops such as peaches and melons can be grown in more areas
196
how is climate change affecting public health -nutritional standards
decreasing crop yields most in tropical regions so areas where hunger was already a problem are getting less food
may affect the types of food that people consume - if ghg emissions remain high availability of fruits and vegetables will decrease in some developing countries - estimated 500,000deaths by 2050 caused by changing diets
increase in food prices making food less affordable for poorer countries increasing hunger and reducing dietary diversity
rise in obesity due to unhealthy food being cheaper
197
What is happening to the rate of population growth
it is slowing down from 1.24% per year to 1.18%
198
What are the two key factors driving global population change
decreasing fertility rate - fell from 4.98 in 1960 to 2.45 in 2015 however it is still high enough for population to continue increasing overall
increasing life expectancy - more children are surviving beyond infancy and people are living longer
199
Why is there a lot of uncertainty with population predictions
they are assumptions based on past and present fertility and mortality trends and different groups base their projections on different assumptions leading to different results
accuracy depends on whether the trends continue - e.g. a major investment n family planning could significantly reduce birth rates
factors such as war and disease could have an effect on future population sizes
200
why does population change vary around the world and give examples
fertility is changing at different rates e.g. in Latin America and Asia fertility rates have recently fallen rapidly but in Sub-Saharn Africa they are falling slowly
201
why are developed countries experiencing low population growth
low birth rates as in some countries the fertility rate is lower than the replacement rate of just over 2 children per couple and experiencing natural population decline e.g. Japan
202
which continent will experience the largest population growth until 2050
Africa its population is expected to more than double
203
Which continents population is likely to decrease by 2050
europe
204
Describe the expected change in the most populous countries
China and India to remain the two most populous but India will overtake China
Nigeria is predicted to rise from 7th to 3rd most populous country by 2050 because it has the fastest growing population in the world
205
How is population growth a potential threat to the environment
larger demand for resources means more environmental damage e.g. deforestation and soil erosion
However as population growth is slowing this reduces long term impact of an increasing number of people
206
Describe how increasing consumption is a potential threat to the environment
consumption is likely to increase with economic development resource use is becoming more efficient due to technological development and regulations being implemented that reduce consumption such as the paris agreement
however consumption may increase faster than resource efficiency leading to exhaustion of some resources
207
Describe how technological advances may change the population-environment relationship
in agriculture and renewable energy generation can help reduce pollution and mitigate climate change
Developed countries can also share technology to help developing countries develop in a sustainable way
208
Describe how education can change the population-environment relationship
can make people think about their consumption patterns and how they impact on the environment resulting in behavioural changes such as buying locally grown produce and wasting less
209
describe how poly changes affect the population-environment relationship
can reduce a countries consumption e.g. offering incentives for renewable energy schemes and promoting public transport
210
what are the political changes driven by human population growth
pressure to use protected areas
managing of resources sustainably
managing population size and structure
conflict over resources 'dealing with international migration crises
211
what are the environmental challenges driven by human population growth
increased pollution
more waste
climate change
desertification
degradation
212
what are the economic challenges driven by population growth
more energy use
more production of goods
increased unemployment
scarce resources
price rises
poverty increased wealth gap
213
What are the social challenges driven by population growth
increased population size and density
disease
provision of adequate education and healthcare
demand for housing
214
what are the challenges presented to water by future population-environment relationships
strain on water resources locally and globally
chronic water scarcity
critical for food production
increased water pollution
hydrological uncertainty
215
what are the challenges presented to food by future population-environment relationships
pressure on land and farming systems
soil erosion and desertification
competes with non-food agricultural produce including cotton
further strain on water supply
216
what are the challenges presented to energy by future population-environment relationships
demand expected to increase by 35% by 2035
depletion of non-renewable resources
increased ghg emissions
pressure on fuelwood supplies
217
what are the challenges presented to minerals by future population-environment relationships
depletion and scarcity
destruction of landscapes and ecosystems
increased energy demand
pollution of water courses
218
what are the opportunities presented to water by future population-environment relationships
better management - IWRM- to increase supply and storage
use of better technology such as drip irrigation
desalinisation
cloud seeding
219
what are the opportunities presented to food by future population-environment relationships
scope for increased yields with less wastage
shift to healthier more sustainable diets
mycoprotein
GM crops
climate change may increase production in some regions
growth of aquaculture more efficient equitable food distribution
220
what are the opportunities presented to energy by future population-environment relationships
shift to renewable energy
new technology developed to access new supplies of fossil fuels
investment in hydrogen technology
energy conservation
221
what are the opportunities presented to minerals by future population-environment relationships
technology to exploit low-grade ores
reduce consumption
use more abundant substitute
recycling
222
how has Japan been affected by migration
2019 ICRR act opened Japan's doors to lower skilled foreign workers however government still only target certain industries to prevent backlash
Japan has a permanent immigrant population of around 3 million - 2.4% mainly from neighbouring east Asian countries such as China and Vietnam who integrate more easily
Also accepts skilled nurses from Indonesia and Phillippines
