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A level human geography > global systems and governance > Flashcards

global systems and governance Flashcards

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1
Q

define globalization

A

the process of countries becoming more interconnected and more closely integrated

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2
Q

what are the five factors that promote globalistation

A

flows of information
flows of capital
flows of products
flows of service
flows of labour

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3
Q

how has the flow of information promoted globalistation

A

the development and rapid spread of e-mail and the internet means that large amounts of information can be exchanged instantly across the globe allowing countries to communicate with one another

people can learn about different countries and cultures without leaving home

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4
Q

how has flow of capital promoted globalisation

A

capital is money thats invested to produce an income or increased profit e.g. new branches of companies within their country of origin or FDI

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5
Q

How has FDI changed from 1996 to 2016

A

It increases from $400 billion in 1996 to $1500 billion in 2016

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6
Q

how have flows of products promoted globalisation

A

lower labour costs have lead to countries relocating the manufacturing side of their business abroad (outsourcing) and then import the products to the countries where they are sold

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7
Q

What is offshoring

A

movement of a companies headquarters

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8
Q

how do flows of services promote globalisation

A

they are economic services that aren’t based around producing material goods such as banking

insurance and banking rely on communication and transfer of information which was made easier due to deregulation in the 1970s

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9
Q

How do flows of labour promote globalisation?

A

people that participate in a workforce moving from one place to another
International migration has increased by over 40% between 2000-15

Flows of people between different countries are making the world more interconnected e.g. bringing aspects of their culture

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10
Q

define marketing

A

process of promoting and selling products or services

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11
Q

what is global marketing and what are its advantages

A

global marketing involve treating the world as one single market and using one marketing strategy

global marketing can lead to economies of scale - it is cheaper to have one marketing campaign for the whole globe

brings brand awareness as consumers all over the world identify a name or logo with a product and will be more likely to purchase it than a lesser known competitor

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12
Q

what 3 factors have been the driving force for globalisation?

A

new systems
technology
relationships

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13
Q

what is the global financial system

A

governs the flows of capital between countries and are based on companies called investment banks which has a main role of helping companies raise capital

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14
Q

what happened in the 1980s to make financial systems more global

A

information technology lead to greater access to information and make informed decisions about investment

financial deregulation which relaxed rules about what banks where allowed to do and removed barriers to capital coming in and out of a country

greater range of companies getting involved in finance

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15
Q

define trade agreement

A

agreement between countries to remove controls in order to benefit both the countries and consumer

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16
Q

How do trade agreements affect globalisation

A

they control what products are let into the country at what price

controls make it more expensive for companies to sell their products abroad as well as for consumers to buy them

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17
Q

how did containerisation affect globalisation

A

introduced in the 1950s and allowed more good to be loaded onto ships at once and straight onto other forms of transport making it easier cheaper and quicker to move goods `

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18
Q

how did communication satellites affect globalisation

A

launched in the Earths orbit in the 1960

allowed relatively cheap wireless communication between countries independent of where they are

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19
Q

what are some examples of improved transport and communication systems

A

improved transport such as faster planes and high-speed rails

containerisation

satellites

optic fibre cables

software which has enabled free communication

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20
Q

how has the improvement of management systems affected globalisation

A

new ways of working have made companies more efficient so they can make the same products for cheaper

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21
Q

what are some examples of improved management systems

A

supply chains going global - e.g. companies supplier may be from a different country than their factories - this is all done to minimise costs

economies of scale - large companies can reduce the average cost of making an item by using production lines and buying specialised equipment

outsourcing - cheap labour leads to countries outsourcing their call centres etc.

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22
Q

how does globalisation cause economic interdependence

A

countries rely on each other for economic growth e.g. oil production and consumption - countries rely on one another for consumption and provision of oil
trade
advances in technology
employment
economic migration
TNC and FDI
industrialisation

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23
Q

how does globalisation cause political interdependence

A

countries are dependant on one another to solve issues that cannot be addressed by just one country

e.g - 2015-16 refugee crisis - European countries had to work together to support Syrian refugees

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24
Q

How does globalisation cause social interdependence

A

greater connection between people living between people living in different countries leads to more relationships
health - WHO
education
culture

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25
Q

How does globalisation cause environmental interdependence

A

All countries rely on one another to help protect the environment e.g. lowering GHG emissions - paris climate convention `

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26
Q

What could be the possible benefits of unequal flows of people

A

people often leave countries to escape war and famine or persecution

some also migrate for economic reasons which can create economic growth

remittances can significantly increase the flow of capital flowing into less developed countries boosting local industries

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27
Q

what is an inequality of unequal flows of people

A

less developed countries suffer from a ‘brain drain’ reinforcing existing inequalities between countries

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28
Q

What is a conflict of unequal flows of people

A

low-skilled migrants are happier to work for lower wages compared to the low-skilled locals
locals VS migrants

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29
Q

What is an injustice of unequal flows of people

A

migrant workers are sometimes made to work in dangerous conditions for little money

e.g. 2022 FIFA world cup - thousands of deaths whilst building facilities in Qatar

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30
Q

what are some benefits of unequal flows of money

A

remittances, foreign aid and FDI

flows of money are unequal and often flows from less developed countries to more developed countries

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31
Q

What are some inequalities caused by unequal flows of money

A

foreign aid can create dependency giving governments little incentive to improve their own countries and FDI can force out local businesses

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32
Q

what is some conflict caused by unequal flows of money

A

foreign aid can find its way to armed groups and help to fund conflict

foreign companies VS locals

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33
Q

What are some injustices caused by unequal flows of money

A

Companies may pressure governments to pass laws that make it cheaper to invest there e.g. cutting environmental regulation

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34
Q

What are some benefits of unequal flows of ideas

A

neo-liberal ideas have increased free trade which has led to more development within countries and less conflict

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35
Q

What are some inequalities created by unequal flows of ideas

A

ne-liberalism started in developed countries and has spread globally and tends to concentrate wealth in the hands of a few

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36
Q

What are some conflicts caused by unequal flows of ideas

A

if private companies and free trade in a less developed country are threatened by the decisions of that countries government, developed countries may believe that their intervention is justified leading to conflict

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37
Q

What are some injustices caused by unequal flows of ideas

A

government and TNCs may argue that free trade and privatisation are the best way to help a country to develop and that this justifies poor working conditions and environmental degradation in the less developed countries

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38
Q

what are some inequalities caused by unequal flows of technology

A

developed countries can afford the latest technology and can make products more cheaply and have better access to services and information

e.g. in 2016 97% of the Netherlands’ citizens had access to the internet compared to 20% in Myanmar

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39
Q

What are some conflicts and injustices caused by unequal flows of technology

A

repressive governments of less developed countries have used weapon technology sold to them by HIC to stop protests from their own people

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40
Q

How does globalisation make some countries more powerful than others

A

developing or emerging countries with a lot of money and power are able to drive global systems to their advantage and therefore they may have a lot of control over the global economy and political events

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41
Q

Give an example of how power and relationships link with climate change

A

many of the biggest contributors to climate change are also the richest countries and therefore they can be reluctant to limit climate change as they believe it may harm their economy e.g. through the loss of jobs in the fossil fuel industry

Some of the poorest countries are the ones most affected by climate change but lack in influence and power to make a change

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42
Q

How does the IMF reinforce unequal power relationships

A

The IMF monitors global economy and advises governments on how to improve their economic situations
However the IMF is led by the USA and other developed countries so less developed countries have less influence over decisions in the organisation

The IMFs loans may also be conditional for example the less developed country may have to make changes such as cutting regulation to make foreign investment and trade easier

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43
Q

How does the World Bank reinforce unequal power relationships

A

the world bank provides loans to less developed countries to invest in area like health care, education and infrastructure

Funds are redistributed from developed to less developed countries, but less developed countries are expected to pay the loans back

The WB is led by the USA and other developed countries

the WB also provides conditional loans where the less developed country has to make changes

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44
Q

What is the role of the WTO and how can it reinforce unequal power relations

A

The WTO generally works to reduce trade barriers between countries

However, many developed countries have kept trade barriers in place reducing imports from less developed countries which tends to boost the economy of the developed countries at the expense of the less developed

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45
Q

how has the volume of trade changed

A

the volume of global trade has increased by 8x since 1998-2008
less developed countries are also becoming bigger traders and accounted for 1% more in global trade from 1995 - 2010

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46
Q

Explain how the pattern of trade has changed

A

developed countries remain the biggest global traders but some emerging countries are catching up such as China which is now the largest exporter of goods

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47
Q

Describe how the volume of investment has changed

A

has risen from $400b to $1500b between 1996-2016

ethical investment by US companies has tripled between 2005-2016

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48
Q

Describe how the pattern of investment has changed

A

foreign investors are attracted by market size and stability and access to financial services

the pattern of investment has shifted from developed countries investing in developing countries and developed countries have begun investing more into emerging countries and in the last few years China, India, Brazil and Mexico were the largest receivers of FDI

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49
Q

What are some rules that the WTO set up

A

countries can’t give other countries special access to their markets without doing the same for everyone else

countries should promote free trade

there should be fair competition

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50
Q

define trade bloc

A

associations between different governments that promote and manage trade and remove trade barriers to members but keep common barriers to those outside of the bloc countries

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51
Q

Define special economic zone

A

areas with different trade and investment rules to the rest of the country e.g. investing companies may have to pay less taxes

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52
Q

describe the trading relationships in developed countries

A

most trade in the world takes place between developed countries e.g. the trade between the EU and USA accounted for over 30% of global products trade

most of these products require a lot of machinery and expertise to make

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53
Q

Describe the trading relationships in emerging economies

A

EE are becoming increasingly vital to global trade due to their large manufacturing sectors and skilled population with lower labour costs

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54
Q

Describe the trade relationships in less developed countries

A

most LICs trade with EEs and they usually trade organic materials such as tobacco and sugar

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55
Q

define access to markets

A

How easy it is for countries and companies to trade with one another

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56
Q

How can access to markets be affected

A

Access is affected by wealth as HICs can put higher tariffs on products imported from LICs making it harder for LICs to access the market

Being a member of a trade bloc also increases access as member countries have access to all the other member countries

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57
Q

What is an SDT agreement

A

special and differential traded agreement

these let the less developed countries bypass developed countries’ tariffs giving them greater market access

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58
Q

What are some economic impacts of differential access to markets

A

its difficult for countries with poor market access to establish new industries as they face high tariffs making their products uncompetitive making them dependant on selling low-value primary products that tend to fluctuate in price

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59
Q

What are social impacts of differential access to markets

A

people in countries with higher-access markets tend to have higher-paying jobs

countries with less access to markets have less money available for education and healthcare so quality of life is generally lower

more sweatshops and dangerous working conditions in LICs

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60
Q

give two ways the fair trade foundations supports farmers

A

it sets the fair trade minimum price which is the minimum price the buyer has to pay to cover all of the farmers costs

fairtrade works with farmers to maintain environmental standards and prohibit forced abd child labour

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61
Q

what is a TNC

A

A company that operates in two or more countries

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62
Q

what is a primary industry TNC

A

One that extracts and trades natural resources such as oil and gas - SHELL

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63
Q

What is a secondary industry TNC

A

making material goods such as toyota which manufactures vehicles

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64
Q

What is a tertiary industry TNC

A

provides services e.g. aviva which is an insurance company

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65
Q

What are 4 benefits of TNCs

A

TNCs bring a lot of investment into countries
Increased spread of technology and investment into infrastructure
creation of jobs
connect countries due to their spatial organisation and global supply chain

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66
Q

Describe how TNCs are usually spatially organised

A

TNC headquarters are usually in a large developed city that are well connected and there is a supply of highly skilled and educated workers
R&D tend to be in the same country as the headquarters
Factories are often located in less developed countries where production costs are lower

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67
Q

Define merger

A

when two companies agree to become one bigger company

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68
Q

Define acquisition

A

When one company buys another

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69
Q

what is an international law

A

rules established by countries through international agreements that are legally binding
e.g. human rights

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70
Q

What is a global norm

A

they are accepted standards of behaviour which usually have negative consequences if not followed such as international condemnation

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71
Q

What is an institution

A

political and legal organisations that exist to pass and enforce laws

e.g. the UN, WTO, and the International Criminal Court

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72
Q

What is the aim of global institutions

A

to provide growth and stability in the` economy and society

73
Q

how does global governance aim to promote growth and stability

include examples of global organisations

A

ensures countries abide by common rules giving greater stability e.g. trade rules mean countries cannot take advantage of one another

WTO - aims to increase global trade through common rules

WHO - combats epidemics increasing social stability

UNESCO - helps to ensure benefits of scientific advances are shared amongst countries

74
Q

What are some problems with global governance in terms of growth and stability

A

international laws and institutions are voluntary

can be difficult to get countries and TNCs to abide by these rules

powerful, developed countries still hold an advantage over the less developed countries - in 2016 other countries did not bring economic sanctions against China when it went against international law due to its importance to the global economy

75
Q

How can global institutions create inequalities and injustice

A

Conditions to receiving a load from the IMF and WB such as implementing free trade policies and cutting government spending often on healthcare and education

members of security institutions can veto resolutions e.g. Russia vetoed resolutions to intervene in the Ukrainian war

76
Q

What is the G7 and how can it create inequalities

A

a forum of the 7 wealthiest countries
they can strengthen the power of developed countries rather than encouraging equality between them and less developed countries

77
Q

What is the UN

A

The united nations was set up in 1945 and has 193 members
it was set up to establish a peaceful and fair world

78
Q

What are the 4 aims of the UN

A

to maintain global peace and security
to use co operation to solve international problems
to develop friendly relationships between nations
to settle disputes between nations

79
Q

Name 4 organisations in the UN

A

The security council
the general assembly
UNDP - UN development programme
WHO

80
Q

What is the UN general assembly and what is the evaluation of its purpose

A

its purpose is to develop good relations between nations and settle disputes through the international court of justice

Each country has a representative but the developed countries provide a large majority of funding to the UN which leaves it open to criticism about impartiality

81
Q

what is the security councils area of responsibility and their achievements

A

it maintains world peace and security and has five permanent members that have the power of veto

they have facilitated nuclear disarmament since the cold war and has ‘neutral’ peacekeeping troops - blue helmets- to de-escalate in regions of conflict.

there has been history of not agreeing on resolutions of major conflict such as Russia and Ukraine and Syria

82
Q

What is the WHO and what are its achievements

A

they manage international public health issues by combating and eradicating diseases

They have achieved eradication of small pox and near eradication if polio

83
Q

what is the UNDP and what are its achievements

A

responsible for the eradication of poverty and reduction of inequality and exclusion

let the efforts to successfully meet most of the Millennium Development Goals, which were anit-poverty targets

84
Q

How has the UN promoted growth and stability

A

The UN MDG have helped reduce the number of people in poverty and increased the number of children in primary school and reduced child and maternal mortality rates

UN peacekeeping missions can help to end wars e.g. peaceful elections were held in Cote de Ivoire in 2015 after years of civil war

85
Q

What are some injustices and inequalities created by the UN

A

Developed countries hold the most power over decisions and many of the issues tackled by the UN affect African countries, but there is no African country with a permanent seat on the security council

At times the UN has been ineffective - 1995 8000 people in south-east Europe were massacred by Bosnian Serbs

86
Q

define global commons

A

areas that aren’t owned by one country or organisation but rather belong to everybody

87
Q

What are the 4 global commons

A

Antarctica
outer space
high seas
atmosphere

88
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons

A

When countries and organisations feel the need to exploit the global commons without dealing with the consequences as they are shared by everybody

89
Q

What are 3 causes of pressure on the global commons

A

industrialisation
development
L–> increasing the demand for resources and increasing waste

new technology - made it easier to get to areas like the high seas making them more vulnerable to exploitation

90
Q

what are some examples of problems caused by exploitation on the global commons

A

overfishing in the seas

atmospheric pollution is causing climate change

CO2 causes ocean acidification

91
Q

overall what are 4 benefits of globalisation

A

integration
development
stability
economic growth

92
Q

What are the costs of globalisation overall

A

inequality and greater economic divide between people

conflict- cyber warfare

injustice - human trafficking has become easier due to improved transport and many have to work in sweatshops to make products for those in HICs

increased pollution due to increased consumption and travelling and waste

companies ignore the environment to make cheaper goods

93
Q

describe the characteristics of Antarctica

A

-60C lows
98% covered in Ice which is 70% of all freshwater
Cold desert
Surrounded by Southern Ocean
Fragile but very productive ecosystem

94
Q

What are the threats to Antarctica?

A

Climate change
fishing and whaling
search for mineral resources
tourism and research

95
Q

Describe how climate change acts as a threat to Antarctica

A

In the past 50 years the West coast of Antarctica has warmed by 3C

Ice shelves have started to retreat around Weddell and Ross seas

Changes in populations of Adelie penguins which are adapted to sea ice

Krill populations have decreased by 80% since 1970 - they are dependant on sea ice and ocean acidification affects krill eggs and makes them less likely to hatch

Sea level rise of 3mm/yr since 1990

Warms at a rate 5x faster than average

96
Q

Describe how fishing and whaling are threats to Antarctica

A

threatens many species such as the Patagonian tooth fish and blue whale population is only 3-11% of what it was in 1911

reduced fish and krill populations can have a knock on effect on other species

some species also get stuck in fishing nets and drown such as albatross

Long- term threat

97
Q

Describe how the search for mineral resources is a threat to Antarctica

A

Large deposits of coal and iron ore in transantarctic mountains as well as 36 billion barrels of oil

Harsh landscape and Madrid protocol make these resources difficult to access however, this may become a larger problem in the future with increasing demand for mineral resources

98
Q

Describe how tourism and scientific research are a threat to Antarctica

A

Increased water and air pollution and likelihood of fuel spills - 2007

Invasive species and habitat disruption

abandoned facilities and waste

70 permanent research facilities

growth of tourism

99
Q

How is Antarctica governed

A

1959 Antarctic treaty
NGOS
IWC
ASOC
UNEP
Madrid protocol
IAATO
CCAMLR
2016 Paris climate change agreement

100
Q

Describe how the Antarctic treaty governs Antarctica

A

Allows Antarctica to be used only for peaceful purposes and scientific co-operation

signed by 53 countries

101
Q

Describe how IWC helps govern Antarctica

A

Responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring whale populations are at a steady level for example setting up whale sanctuaries

They have been criticised for improper monitoring Japan continues to kill whales for “scientific research”

Paused commercial whaling in 1982

102
Q

Describe how UNEP helps govern Antarctica

A

Reports activity in Antarctica to the UN and is run by the CCAMLR which aims to stop illegal fishing and conserve the ecosystem

103
Q

Describe how the Madrid protocol helps govern Antarctica

A

Bans mining till 2048

104
Q

Describe how the IAATO helps govern Antarctica

A

provides guidelines addressing tourism such as no large ships (50-200 people)

limits on visiting to allow the ecosystem to recover

informing tourists on behaviour

105
Q

Describe how the Paris climate change agreement helps to govern Antarctica

A

limits warming to 2C and was signed by 193 nations

106
Q

Describe how NGOs help govern Antarctica

A

NGOs cant create rules but they can raise awareness

107
Q

Describe how ASOC helps govern Antarctica

A

Group of 30 NGOs including WWF that presents findings on the environment and safety problems as well as give recommendations on how to protect the environment

campaigned successfully to allow NGOs to attend Treaty meetings

108
Q

What is the difference between the IMF and the WB

A

the IMF focuses on macroeconomic and financial stability while the World Bank concentrates on long-term economic development and poverty reduction.

109
Q

how was deregulation of markets significant for globalisation

A

meant that the activities of financial institutions were no longer confined within national boundaries

110
Q

what are the main factors of globalisation

A

development of technology
relationships
management systems

111
Q

what process was economic globalisation caused by

A

increase in free trade
growth of TNCs
faster cheaper transport
global marketing

112
Q

what processes was cultural globalisation caused by

A

migration
global communication markets
impact of western culture through media

113
Q

what processes was political globalisation caused by

A

growth of western democracies and their influence on poorer countries

114
Q

what flows assist emerging economies to develop

A

FDI
repatriation of profits
aid
migration
remittance payments

115
Q

why have flows of manufactured goods increased in recent years

A

demand from affluent populations in developed countries
combined with low production costs

116
Q

how have transport and time made trade easier

A

costs have been reduced by process of containerisation enabling more complex and long distance flows of products

117
Q

what are flows of services

A

economic activities that are traded without the production of material goods

118
Q

what has made flows of information easier

A

improvements to global telephone networks
mobile phones
media coverage on a global scale due to satellites
email and the internet

119
Q

what is marketing

A

promotion and selling of products or services and it becomes a global marketing strategy when the globe is seen as one market - e.g. apple

120
Q

what can global marketing lead to

A

economies of scale which reduces their costs

121
Q

what happened to manufacturing in the past 40 years

A

has become decentralised - global shift to asia

122
Q

what has the global shift been caused by

A

lower land and labour costs
incentives offered by governments
transfer of technology by TNCs

123
Q

what factors influence the locational decisions made by TNCs

A

availability of a skilled and educated workforce
opportunity to build new plants
access to large markets without tariff barriers
roads and ports etc.

124
Q

what is one of the main consequences of the global shift

A

deindustrialisation

125
Q

how have governments in HDE’s reacted to the decline in manufacturing caused by the global shift

A

encouraging foreign TNC’s to invest in deindustrialised regions
encouraging investment in skills and technology
adopting more protectionist policies to protect domestic industry

126
Q

what are disadvantages of protectionist policies

A

makes home industries uncompetitive globally

run out of consumers

127
Q

what are some political reactions to the global shift

A

rise in populist and nationalist movements

2016 key diver for Brexit vote and in US election of Trump

128
Q

what were the top 3 consumers in 2015

A

usa
japan
germany and china

129
Q

how have communication technologies lead to linkages between countries

A

development of computer technology
internet- allowing 24/7 connection
use of mobile phones
computerised logistics systems have evolved to supports supply chain distribution

130
Q

what is the GFS

A

global financial system provides a framework that facilitates flow of capital for the purposes of financing trade and investment and is monitored y the IMF

131
Q

what is a disadvantage of the deregulation of markets

A

leaves system exposed to volatile flows of capital which triggered the banking crisis in 2008-2009

132
Q

what are some threats to security caused by globalisation

A

terrorism
biological warfare
disease spread
cyber crime

133
Q

what is interpol

A

enables police in most countries to work together to fight international crime

134
Q

What is AEO

A

tackles some issues relating to trade security

135
Q

what have management and information systems lead to

A

high-order business activities
low order activities such as production
rapid growth of logistics

136
Q

what are the advantages of trade agreements

A

improving global peace and security
increased cooperation
encouraged development
economies of scale
employment
transfer of technology

137
Q

what are some disadvantages of being in a trading group agreement

A

forced to purchase from within the group
decisions become centralised
pressure to adopt central legislation
increased competition for work and can lower salaries
increased interdependence
over-exploitation of resources

138
Q

what are the positives of flows of people

A

reduced unemployment in areas
remittances
migrants return with new skills
reduces population pressure on resources q

139
Q

what are the negatives of flows of people

A

brain drain
loss of skilled workers adversely affects development
over-dependence on remittances
segregation and prejudice
greater risk of disease

140
Q

what is the benefit of privatisation

A

can benefit consumers in LDEs by lowering prices

141
Q

what are the disadvantages of privatisation

A

profits are retained rather than reinvested causing greater inequality and potentially inhibiting economic growth

142
Q

What are the benefits of deregulation

A

can encourage enterprise

143
Q

what are the costs of deregulation

A

can lead to more relaxed social and environmental laws in LDEs causing social injustices and environmental deregulation

144
Q

What are the benefits of free trade

A

allows global markets to develop and thrive and may help LICs to attract investment

145
Q

what are the costs of free trade

A

may not always be beneficial to some LDEs
domestic industries may be outcompeted by free trade so some protection may be needed

146
Q

what are the benefits of multi-culturalism

A

enables developing countries to integrate into the global economy and to access markets

147
Q

what are the costs of multi-culturalism

A

citizens may see it as a dilution of their culture and even a threat to their national sovereignty and identity

148
Q

where are the fastest growing economies

A

Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

149
Q

what factors reinforce unequal power relations in global systems

A

wealthier countries have close relations with each other - G7
HDEs have more wealth and advanced technology
they have more influence in global governance through IGOs such as the UN
developing countries have less power to intervene

150
Q

what are other barriers to trade used as protectionist strategies

A

import license
import quotas
sanctions
embargoes - prohibition of commerce with a particular country

151
Q

what are the factors driving current patterns of change globally

A

comparative advantage
proximity
market size and strength
geopolitical relationships

152
Q

what may happen to the pattern of global trade in the future

A

in USA and parts of Europe there has been backlash against further liberalisation which may prompt them to pull back from further integration
as this happens links between Asia-Pacific region, Africa and Latin America will become more important and may transform the pattern of global trade in the future

153
Q

what are the trends reported for FDI

A

Asia-Pacific region accounts for 40% of inflows
8/20 top recipients were EE
largest FDI investors were Japan China and France

154
Q

What attracts FDI investment

A

manufacturing industries
natural resource development
financial business services - Singapore
Large and accessible consumer markets
lower business taxes

155
Q

what are some measures to help combat differential access to markets

A

SDT - gave LICs preferential access to developed markets in trade agreements
access to their trading partners markets
right to restrict imports
additional freedom to subsidise exports (allowances to reduce cost of goods to make them more competitive)0

156
Q

What are some problems of SDT

A

concerns that it may cause unfair trade as many emerging economies still have developing status

agreements are difficult to apply in a fair or standardised manner

Developed countries deterred from particiating

157
Q

what are the consequences of international trade on emerging economies

A

rapid development as a result of inward investment and have emerged to become major economic powers competing with the richer nations of the world

158
Q

what are the consequences of international trade on TNCs

A

large companies have grown in a number of sectors and although they are mainly based in developed countries, TNCs from emerging economies have also become global powers

159
Q

what are the consequences of international trade on IGOs

A

they have all contributed to the integration of economies and have consolidated their position and control on the global system

160
Q

what are the consequences of international trade on regional trading blocs

A

more trade agreements have evolved which benefit their members

free trade areas and customs unions are expanding among developing countries improving the negotiation leverage and offering more access to markets for developing countries in the long-term

161
Q

what are the economic consequences of trade

A

price of many electronic goods had fallen due to them being produced in low-cost locations
TNCs have more control of food supply chains and supermarkets pay less to import food making it relatively cheap to buy all year long
deindustrialisation

162
Q

what are the political consequences of international trade

A

rise in national populism lead to brexit and election of Trump with very nationalist and protectionist manifesto

163
Q

What are the costs of free trade access to markets

A

injustice of free trade not providing enough protection to emerging industries so they cannot compete with developed countries

developed economies are still protected by tariffs on agricultural imports

164
Q

What are the social and cultural impacts of international trade

A

cultural homogenisation
greater access to foreign culture
glocalisation
increased awareness of global news and events

165
Q

what are the environmental consequences of international trade

A

depletion of non-renewable resources
TNCs outsourcing to areas where environmental standards are less strict
more waste from packaging
greater risk of disease

166
Q

give examples of governance at a local scale

A

Each local authority has a local agenda 21 strategy in line with the UN objective - various recycling options

167
Q

what are the economic challenges of globalisation

A

global financial crisis challenged idea that globalisation would advance economic growth
it has peaked or stalled
ongoing geopolitical tensions have limited trade growth

168
Q

What are the social challenges of globalisation

A

racial tensions and conflicts of culture
transfer on secondary sector causes unemployment and wage stagnation

169
Q

What are the political challenges of globalisation

A

brexit
MAGA

170
Q

what are the benefits of globalisation

A

growth and development
integration
stability

171
Q

what are the costs of globalisation

A

inequality and injustice
environmental impacts
conflict

172
Q

What is the difference between the main goal of free trade and fair trade

A

free trade- to increase nations economic growth
fair trade - to empower marginalised people

173
Q

how do focuses differ between free and fair trade

A

free- trade policies between countries
fair- commerce among individuals and businesses

174
Q

what is the major action of free trade

A

countries lower tariffs, quotas, labour and environmental standards

175
Q

What is the major action of fair trade

A

businesses offer producers and favourable financing
long-term relationships
higher labour and environmental standards

176
Q

What are the critiques of free trade

A

unjust to marginalised people
sacrifices environmental sustainability

177
Q

What are the critiques of fair trade

A

interferes with free market
inefficient
too small scale for impact

178
Q

what are the different ways of thinking about globalisation

A

hyperglobalists - support globalisation, TNCs and trading blocks are the future

sceptics - globalisation is nothing new, the world has always been integrated and do not accept that it has led to free movement as many countries have implemented protectionist measures

transformationalists - between the two, nations still have a role to play but their role is changing

A level human geography (3 decks)

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