changing places Flashcards
what is a place
it is the location, physical characteristics, human characteristics, flows and feelings attached to it
Why are places always changing
Despite location the place is always changing for example physical characteristics can change over a long period of time and the human characteristics can change over a whole lifetime such as migrants
Define locale
place where something happens or is set or has an event associated with it
define location
where a place is for example co-ordinates
define sense of place
refers to subjective emotional attachment people have to a sense of place
What is an experienced place
Places that people have spent time in
what is a media place
places that haven’t been visited but its sense of place is shaped through its deception in the media
how can peoples lived experience be explored
by looking into the impact of place on
identity
belonging
well-being
define insider
someone who is familiar with a place and feels welcome in it
Define outsider
someone who feels unwelcome or excluded from a place
define experienced place
places people have spent time in
define near place
geographically near to where a person lives
What reasons besides experience might people feel excluded
age
gender
sexuality
how has globalisation affected peoples experience of geographical distance
improvements in travel technology mean places can be experienced more quickly and frequently
ICT improvements meant people can be very familiar with media places
people can also remain closely connected with people and activities via the internet
Define placelessness
describes how globalisation is making distant places look and feel the same - clone town
define endogenous
internal factors which shape a places’ character
e.g.
location, topography, physical geography, infrastructure
define exogenous
external factors which shape a places’ character
e.g.
flows of people, money, resources in and out of the place
what kind of factor is location and how does it influence the character of a place
physical and endogenous
places can be characterised by the features that are present because of their location e.g. a coastal area may be characterised as a port
what kind of factor is topography and how does it influence the character of a place
physical and endogenous
topography affects land use e.g. flat areas can be used agriculturally
an area can also be directly characterised by its topography e.g. a flat area and a hilly area
what kind of factor is physical geography and how doe it affect the character of a place
physical and endogenous
refers to environmental features such as altitude and rock type
e.g. different rock types will form different landscapes
and physical geography can have economic impacts if it is rich in natural resources
What kind of factor is land use and how does it affect the character of a place
human and endogenous
refers to the human activities that occur on the land and the can characterise an area
for example rural areas have more agricultural land whereas a dense built up environment is characteristic of city centres and businesses
What kind of factor is demography and economy characteristics and how does it influence the character of a place
human and endogenous
demography describes who lives in a place and what they’re like and these factors can directly contribute to the character of a place e.g. seaside places may be characterised as old
economic factors can directly contribute to the character of a place e.g. places such as Kensington in London have a high income and low unemployment indicating wealth
what kind of factor is relative location to other places and how can it influence the character of places
exogenous
towns and villages outside of major cities may be considered commuter settlements and that people live there for the safety and good job opportunities
what kind of factor is tourism and how can it influence the character of a place
exogenous
land use and economic characteristics can be affected by tourism
e.g. Las Vegas has many casinos and hotels for tourists and they can also create work opportunities for locals
What kind of factor is investment and how can it influence the character of a place
exogenous
flows of investment can affect land use and the type of employment available
e.g. Nissan has a factory in Sunderland and the flow of investment from Japan has shaped the land use and employment
What kind of factor is migration and how does it influence the character of a place
exogenous
some places are more ethnically diverse due to migration from other parts of the world giving them a unique demographic
e.g. 27% of Birmingham are of Asian descent
how have flows of people caused a demographic change
it can change any of the demographic of the place
on a local scale there has been a large movement of young people from rural to urban areas
on a global scale migration from North-Africa to Europe created a gender inbalance
how have flows of capital caused a demographic change
e.g.
governments can invest in specific places in order to attract people to live there
1981 London Docklands Development Corporation resulted in an increase in population and between 1981 and 21st century the population doubled
How have flows of ideas caused a demographic change
ideas such as the use of contraception can flow to new places and affect the demographic by reducing the birth rate and affecting population size
How do the flows of people affect cultural characteristics of a place
can lead to more cultural diversity and greater mix of languages spoken and foods eaten
How do flows of capital affect the cultural characteristics of a place
new cultural ideas introduced to places can change characteristics of a place such as fast food companies have reproduced rapidly spreading western-style food
How do flows of people affect economic characteristics of a place
people visiting can change the economic characteristics of a place e.g. st Ives was a fishing settlement but is currently a popular tourist destination altering the types of job available in that area
How can flows of resources affect economic characteristics
products consumed and sold locally or regionally can be sold to global markets which can bring employment and money to a wide range of places
e.g. the scottish whiskey industry
how can flows of capital affect economic characteristics
reduced investment and competition from markets can lead to a decline of some primary industries and damage the economy
e.g. Deindustrialisation and closure of coal mines
inward flows of investment can have positive effects such as increasing amount of high value sector jobs and improving healthcare and education
How can the flows of people affect social inequality
regional migration has changed social characteristics and levels of social inequality
e.g. in India large scale rural to urban migration has resulted in slums
migrants can also have a ow quality of life contrasting to the wealthier lives of locals resulting in a gap
how can flows of resources affect social inequality
outward flow of natural resources from poorer countries can change levels of social inequality
e.g. most of wealth generated from oil exports in Nigeria is generated to a few individuals while large numbers of people remain in poverty
How can flows of capital affect social inequality
the process of gentrification has improved the social characteristics of some places but it can also increase inequality as it can cause house prices to go up driving the locals out of the area
name 3 examples of external forces driving change in many places
government polices
decisions of multi-national corporations
impacts of global and international institutions
how are government forces a driving external force in changing places (3)
Governments can change the demographic of a place by introducing policies to control population such as the one-child policy in China to decrease the population and in France better maternity leave and lower taxes to increase it
control of immigration for example in the 1960s the German government invited Turkish people to live and work in Germany and now aspects of Turkish culture have become a part of German culture
regeneration schemes such as Bristol harbourside
How are decisions of MNCs an external driving force in changing places
invest of MNCs can create a massive economic boost and increase numbers of jobs and wages which can attract large numbers of migrants
closure of MNCs or their relocation can lead to massive population decline, unemployment and social deprivation
e.g. population of Detroit decreased by 700000 in the 2010 census
How are global institutions a driving external force for changing places
the world food programme provides food assistance as emergency aid where it is needed and this can be a demographic change as they reduce the amount of deaths from famine and starvation
the world bank invests in and helps set up thousands of projects aimed at reducing poverty
how can past connections help shape places
connection to other major cities by sea trade routes enabled London and New York to become more wealthy and attracted more people and increase cultural diversity and they gradually became world cities
what are the theoretical approaches to place
descriptive
phenomenological
social constructionist approach
what is a descriptive approach to place
the idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct
what is a social constructionist approach to place
sees place as a product of a particular set of social processes occurring at a particular time
what is a phenomenological approach to place
how an individual approaches place the affective bond between people and place - topophilia
how can identity be evident at a local scale
when people are reluctant to have their local area undergo development
how can identity be evident at a regional scale
loyalty to a distinct region with a population that shares similarities
describe how identity can be evident at a national scale
patriotism
how can religion be used to foster a sense of identity in a place
larger sacred places such as bethlehem
how can global sense of place be understood
by linking that place to places beyond - earthquake in Turkey left many turkish immigrants upset and many turkish owned businesses raised money
give an example of resistance of power of globalisation
anti-costa campaign in Totnes Devon in 2012
what has been a response to globalisation
greater focus on local place and the promotion of local goods and services - bristol pound - localisation of place
define diaspora
group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
why is developing a sense of place important
knowledge and appreciation of its resources
supports development of identity
can nurture empathy
define rebranding and give an example
discarding negative perceptions of a place - people make glasgow
define re-imaging and give an example
discarding negative perceptions of place and generate a new positive set of ideas - Stratford olympic development
why may statistics not be good at representing place
tells very little about the human experience of a place and what it is like to live there
what may be a drawback of maps
reliability and accuracy of maps for example early world maps depicted the world as a flat disk with holy land and Jerusalem at the centre
what are the advantages of using interviews
first hand reports of experiences, opinions and feelings
what are the disadvantages of interviews
interviewer may affect the responses of the interviewee
people may not be honest in order to present themselves in a favourable way
what may be a drawback of photographs
they can be edited and are selective in what they show
how may textual sources represent a place
may evoke a sense of place and the reader knows what it is like to be there - william blake and poverty in london
Give an example of how film has affected place
Game of thrones became synonymous with Northern Ireland 350,000 come annually due to GOT and spend an average £50 million
How can GIS be used to present place
could be used in place studies to illustrate changing demographic and cultural characteristics and economic change and social inequalities
