Population And Environment Flashcards
What is the population density of Bangladesh?
1200/km2
Why does most of the Chinese population live in the East?
94% live in the East as the west is largely occupied by mountains and desert
How do people in Mauritiana overcome the harsh climate?
90% of the country is desert, 1/3 of the population has chosen to overcome this by living on the coast
Why was Naples built near a volcano?
Soil fertility is high
How does Greeland overcome its weak agricultre
Imports
Why does Namibia have a small population density
pop desnity of 2.6/km2 because of extensive water shortages and little grazing grounds for cattle leading to conflict
Why does Bhutan have a small population density
16.5/km2 as the country is landlocked fand sits on the eastern himalayas
India pop changw
from 2000-2013
BR dropped from 21 to 20
life expectancy increased from 62 to 68
Niger
Poorest nation accoriding to 2015 UN human devlopment index
rainfall declining and droughts/food shortages more common over last few decades
other than around lake chad and river niger, subsistence farming has dominated on dry nutrient deficient land
high FR needed to farming, 7
2.5 without guaranteed food
How has the indistrial rebolution affected pop growth (devlopment)
at the start populations grew by 57% by 100 years in pops grew by 100%
How much of africa is affected by food insecurity
27%
Pattern of meat consumption
Developed countries eat the most meat, whereas developing countries tend to get
protein from non-animal based sources
between 2013-2015, HDes conumsed 39.1kg/person compred to LDEs
Meat consumption is increasing , especially in rapidly developing countries. There’s
been a threefold increase in meat consumption in Asia since the 60s
What is NIgers level of malnutrioton vs UK
42 percent of children under 5 years of age suffer from chronic malnutrition vs UK at 4% for total
2015 millennium dvelopment goal regarding hungry peopl
goal to halve mumber of hungry people was almost met howewver food is still unevenly distributed so malnutrition will persist, 1/3 of all food is wastef
Example of intesnive farming
Horticulture in Cornwall
Polytunnels and hydroponics give Corwall an advantage over competitors
Example of subsitience farming
shifting cultivation in Ameridian tribes in Venezuala
How is climate change affceting rice yields in asia
For every 1 C increase, a 20% decrease will be seen
Describe the tropicsl monsoon climate
found between the torpics in low pressure areas
e.g. India
direct solar insulation gives high annual temps, further characterised by high rainfall due to seasonal reversal of winds
Describe the tropical monsoons climate impact on soecity
human activities- subsistence farmers depend on the nature of this climate as wide varieties of rice can be cultivated, any waste can be used as fodder. Weak monsoons often result in crop failure, this is detrimental to the economies of these countries
human number- over half of the world’s population live in areas affected by the monsoon climate. agriculture here is responsible for many fast growing cities as it can support many
Describe the effect of climate change on the tropical monsoon climate
climate change can create weaker monsoons, this can lead to crop failure and famine
Describe the polar tundra region
found in high latitudes aorund 60N of the equator
e.g. russia
experiences polar climates with long intense winters accompanied by strong winds and high snowfall, most of the land is permanently frozen, briefly thawing in the summer
Describe the effect the polar tundra climate has on society
human activites- harsh climate means few people can be supported, activities are mostly limited to fishing, adventure tourism and mineral exploration rather land land-based agricu;lutre as the only form of arable agriculture that can be sustained is where an artificial envionrmen tis created
numbers- intotal supports 113.1 million however most live in eurasia, the glacial areas are devoid of settlements, poop density of 4/km2. Pops grew as healthcare advanced but pop is now declining
Food insecurity in Somalia
in 2014, 3 million poeple were left in crisis. Conflict between insurgents and government restricting trade and humanitarian access meant that even in the most stable areas, 1/3 of people could not access food or medicine.
Problem was worse by poverty, inflation, poor food storage and transport, and inability to respond to extreme weather
GAFSP example
A GAFSP programme in Rwana increaed yields by 30% by training farmers in efficient practices such as compost making
What is the green revolution
transfer of farming methods such as agrochemicals, mechanisation, high crop yield plant varieties to developing countries, this increased global grain harvest by 160%
it increased food security by increasing crop yeilds enough improving social and economic situions in developing countries bu there are environmental concerns
green revution opportunities
mexico- maze yeilds doubled, wheat yeilds tripled because of croosbreeding
phillippines- high yeilding rice varient was discovered, dubbed miracle rice it increased rice harevets from 3.7-7.7 million tons in 20 years
agrochemicals doubled crop yei;lds in tropical regions and prevented locust plagues
Egypt- encouraged development of irrigation schemes such as small wells and the Aswan Dam
green revotuion challenges
high yeilding rice varients were particulzrly vulernable to pests so more agrochemicals were needed which have environmental consequences such as killing other plants and animals
revolution struggled in Africa because of corruption, poor infrastructure, and instability
India has seen over 300,000 farmer suicides and the majority csn be attributed to the monopolisation of the cotton seed industry
What part of the uk has the lowest life expecatcniy
Scotland, on glasgow just 75% and 85% of men and women are expected to reach their 65th birthday
hpw many people die a year due to waterborne disease such as chokera
3.4 million
Toxic waste contaiminating water example
: Isnapur Lake, which is located near several large drug
factories in Hyderabad, India=
how many deaths are cuased by air pollution worldwide
1 in 9
how many people does urban air pollution kill worldwide
1.2 million
what is malaria
parasitic infection transmitted from person to person by the bite of an infected vector
They enter the liver and multiply, they then enter the red blood cells where the parasites rapidly multiply until they burst
the highest incidence is found between the tropics and around the equator, in 2015 there were 200 million cases and 90% were found in Africa (Nigeria had one of the highest), cases of malaria have shown to peak after the rainy season but in some tropical areas there is little climatic variation so the risk is all year round
People at risk include children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people
Symptoms include acute febrile fever, vomiting and sudden death
impacts of malaria
lost income from the inability to work
funding treatment costs can be expensive for some
extended leave from school can limit future prospects
stunted childhood development
hindering a country’s development- the government has to spend money on treatment, and productivity falls when workers get sick so it means less money is spent on improving living standards
in 2015, 440,000 deaths only 1 was outside Africa
More than 40% of the world is at risk of catching malariaq
how is malaria affected by physical factors
mosquitios that carry malaria can only survive in warm countries
higher temperatures reduce the time needed for the parasite to develop within the mosquito this increases the likelihood of infection
mosquitos also breed more in warmer conditions this increases transmissibility
rainy season turns low lying wetlands into ideal breeding grounds
how is malaria affected by socio-economic factors
limted health education means people arent informed on how to prevent transmission
low incomes might prevent people from accessing preventative measures or treatment
spread increases in areas of high pop density
poor health from overwork and malnutrition reduce ability to to fight infection
poor quality housing
Mitigation strategies for malaria
control of vectors- insecticides inside swellings (indoor residual spraying IRS is expensive and needs to be repeated for efficacy, has ecological impacts (kills aquatic life), and can lead to health problems such as cancer, mosquitos can develop resistance so new insecticides need to be made, physical barriers such as beds and nets can reduce child fatalities by 20% but can be placed incorrectly
Drugs- use of ACTs, giving vaccines to the vulnerable (made available in 2021 with only a 77% efficacy rate)
swift diagnosis- making more accurate tests available can make treatment easier, the sooner it is caught the better the chances of survival, this might not be possible in high burden areas where people cannot take time off work to travel to clinics
between 2001 and 2015, 1.2 billion fewer cases
role of IGOs and NGOs for malaria
International Rollback Malaria partnership- capaigned and raised awareness, doubled international spedning in just 2 years
saved 7.6 million lives, reduced deaths by 60% since 1998
success was shortlived due to lack of division of responsibility but it had a global impact
US presidents initititive PMI- launched in 2005 to reduce malaria cases by 50% in 15 high burden countries by expanding treatment and providing funding
within 5 years 82 million insecticide beds were distributed, 140 million anti malarial treatments were provided, and 60 million rapid diagnostic kits were procured saving 1.4 million
what is asthma
a chronic disease characterised by breathlessness and wheezing, an asthma attack is a narrowing of the bronchial tubes
300 million sufferers
triggers include allergens, high levels of pollution, stress, western lifestyles (more cleanliness results in weaker immune systems that cannot cope with asthma shown to increase childhood prevalence by 20%, obesity associated with asthma)
thought to be a disease of HDEs due to an ageing population and pollution but the highest incidence and mortality rate found in LDEs/EMEs due to rapid industrialisation and westernisation, for example China has seen an increase in childhood asthma
impacts of asthma
highest deaths associated with LDEs amd EMEs e.g. South Africa has 280 deatjs per million between 12001 and 2010 as HDEs have ore access to meds
generally low fat.aity rate with the use of inhalers and meds but ldes don’t have access this leads to more deaths and contributes to poverty cycle as it reduces productivity
Burma has one of the highest DALYs attributed to asthma, austrialia has a high prevalence but low DALYs
mitigation strategies asthma
avoiding trigger factors
taling poreventative medication such as inhalers
don’t smoke
keep fit, improves lung capacity
get vaccinated, illnesses increase likelihood of asthma
role of IGOs and NGOs with asthma
Global initiative for asthma GINA- aims to alleviate global suffering via a range of activities such as research into environmental triggers as well as genetic causes of asthma
organises world asthma day to raise awareness about the plight of sufferers
presents key recommendations for diagnosis and management building capabilities of healthcare providers
informal preventative measures to reduce symptoms and promotes self management, educating sufferers and their families
migration- refugees
permenant migration- when a person move with no intention of returning to their place of origin
refugees- displaced people who cannot return to their place of origin
push factors- environmental/natural diasters (32 million were displaced in 2012), climate change/desertification, political instability, war, peresuction (more than 14 million displaced due to ukraine war, 6 million in other countries and the rest within the country itself)
governments can restrict how many migrants they take
physical obstacles such as rough terrian
language and cultural barriers can create tension
Malthusian perspective
economist in 18 th century theorised a population could grow more quickly than its ability to feed itself as populations can grow exponentially whereas foos supply can only grow arithmetically
he thought a population could grow to the point where there are too many people for the food available and the population would reduce itself through famine and war
malthsuaians believe this is what happened on easter island, it has been suggested that the islanders could not adapt to a change in their environment caused by stowaway rats and this led to war and famine, a reminder that there are consequences if the finite limits on our environment are breached
one problem was that is was based on the idea that food production cannot increase, however due to technological advancements it did
why is ozone depletion a health concern
UV rays can cause mutations and this could lead to skin cancer, in 2012 skin cancer killed 55 million and this is likely to increase
cataracts is an inflammation of the eye that can lead to blindness, 20 million a year become blind to it and it is thought 20% of cataracts is caused by UV exposure
why is climate change a public health concern
thermal stress- heatwaves will become more common and intense, summers are likely to be warmer. this will result in many heatstress related deaths, the elderly and those with preexisting conditions are vulnerable
vectorborne diseases- climate conditions strongly influence the pattern of vectors as temperature affects the survival and reproductive rates. Precipitation affects vectors that have aquatic breeding grounds such as mosquitos. For example, drought may increase the use of irrigation systems that may stimulate vector borne diseases.
Furthermore, forced population movement due to shortages and the idea that climate change might extend the range for vector borne diseases currently confined to tropical areas means previously unaffected areas may be put at risk
what are the direct impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity
changes in mean climate- higher yields in higher latitudes, longer growing seasons, but also lower yields in seasonally arid and tropical areas as crops are likely already at their capacity and uncertainties with precipitation and warmer climates may result in crop failure, for example a decrease in rain in monsoon affected areas can affect harvests
increase in extreme weather- extreme temperatures can dramatically decrease yields, Drought- by 2050 drought related yield reduction will increase by 50%. Heavy rain and flooding- lower quality crops, soil waterlogging salinisation of soil and erosion. TS- cause eocnopmic and societal probnel,s that affect agricultural systems
what are the indirect impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity
increased co2 levels can lead to an increase in pests such as aphids, the migration patterns of some pests such as locusts in subsaharan Africa
increased irrigation due to a decrease in precipitation may limit water availability downstream
increased seas levels lead to the inudation of of low lying coastal agriculture, salinisation
what are the impacts of climate change on nutritional standards
decreasing yield in tropical areas, so areas where hunger was a problem are getting less food
some parts of Indonesia experience a hunger season before rice harvets
availability of fruits and vegetables will be reduced, climate change is predicted to cause 500,000 deaths due to change in diets
decrease in agricultural productivity can lead to malnutrion
How big is the popoulation predicted to reach
in 2016 it hit 7.4bn and by 2100 it is predicted to reach 11.2bn
by how much has global population growth decreased by
in 2005 it was +1.24% per year but in 2015 it droppped to +1.18% per year
by how much has global fertility rate dropped by
4.98 in 1960 to 2.45 in 2015
what is predicted to happen with eupose and Africa population between 2015-50
europe decrease
africa more than double
most populous countries
indida predicted to overtake china in 2030
nigeria predicted to rise from 7th to 3rd most populous country by 2050
in the next 50 years how kuch of the worlds forest will be gone
1/4 for roads and developments
soil erosion
40% of the worlds soils being used for agriculture is degraed, erosion by wind alone is between 10-40x the rate of soil formation
describe hook, hampshire
voted most deseriable area to live in from 2011-14
consistly one of the top 10 districts with the highest life expectancies
large village population of 8000
42 miles off london
prime location for commuters as it has railway links to London and southhampton
home to many IT companies such as virgin media
stats about hook
lower mortality rate higher life expency high number of people injured on motorways affluent surrounding areas low deprevation levels higher than average employment 77% only 2% unemployed lowest crime rates in the country, less impact on mental health various sporting activties
health implications of migration
home
+ve less pressure on healthcare systems as people are moving away, this leaves time for the more vulnerable of the society who have stayed behind
-ve shortages of healthcare workers as they move out in search of better work opportunities
host
- ve large numbers of migrants can put pressure on healthcare systems, particularly in low income overcrowded areas
- ve diseases
politcal implications of migration
home
-ve people move out and this brings economic disadvantages, people may view this as governmental failure
host
-ve cultural tensions with migrants population
