Global Systems And Global Governance Flashcards
trade agreements example
An example of this is the EU, a powerful trade alliance between countries located in Europe. The EU has opened up its borders, allowing for free trade between almost 30 nations. This combined with the import tariffs from other countries has permitted the EU to flourish.
transport systems examples
90% of transport of food, products and energy can be accounted for by the shipping industry and 42% of the world’s trade is transported via aviation.
optic fibre cables use light to transmit information, they allow fast communication
GFS example
Statistics show that this year alone, FDI in the UK has increased by 4%. The US is our primary source of inward investment projects, delivering approximately 500 projects and 20,000 jobs.
China was the world’s largest receiver of FDI in 2020.
Security example
This has developed political globalisation as countries are coming together to form international organisations such as the UN, strengthening international relations. Since 1948, the UN has has helped foster reconciliation though peacekeeping operations in dozens of countries such as Cambodia and El Salvador.
In modern days, security breaches can threaten multiple nations, for example the leak of 2016 released 11.5 million financial and legal records, while this exposed global wrongdoing- similar attacks in future could endanger lives and threaten national security.
How have flows of people created stability, growth and development
NAFTA (1994) knocked lots of Mexicans out of work and hit small farmers hard, and a surge of people came to the United States where there were many jobs available. Mexico-born population growing from about 2.8 million in 1979 to about 11.5 million in 2009.In 2010, remittances made up 3% of Mexico’s GDP.
People can escape war and persecution
How have flows of money created stability, growth and development
Inward investment (FDI) in to developing countries increased from negligible amounts in 1970, to over 240bn in 2004.
The number of people in extreme poverty has more than halved since 1990.
remittances
How have flows of ideas created stability, growth and development
Opening up of trade restrictions has led to an eight-fold increase in global trade since 1980 due to neoliberalism
Chile’s economy progressed better than many of its neighbours.
GDP increased from 9000 in 1961 to 22000 in 2016.
Seen as Latin America’s most prosperous and stable democracy.
Reduced poverty from 40% to 3%.
Increased minimum wage by 16.6%.
How have flows of technolgy created stability, growth and development
Telephone access in Uganda through a village phone system allows farmers to gain information on seed pricing or new farming techniques
silicon valley responsible for innovations in communication and healthcare
How have flows of people created inequalities conflict and injustice
Inequality – Brain drain in Europe. Population of Romania declined by 16% since 1989. prevenys development
Conflict – In 1990, Albertville, Alabama was 98% white. After just 20 years the all-white town was more than 1/4 Latino. There was competition for work, this depressed wages, Many of the ‘American’ population felt as though their jobs were being stolen, they also felt like due to the young influx of workers the migrants were favoured by the management, this is fair as the migrants arrived young meaning they could work for longer before retirement. This also however meant management overlooked legal documents more often than not. The reform stated that if a worker had illegal documents that management was aware of, they would be punished so the management took advantage of the fact illegal papers were easily mistaken for legitimate legal documents.
Injustice – working conditions for migrant workers in Qatar were dangerous for little pay, thousands of workers died building the stadium for 2020 world cup, Kafa system meant worker were ‘owned’ by employers and cannot leave the country unless permitted.
How have flows of money created inequalities conflict and injustice
inequality- Money often flows from developed countries to less developed countries. LDEs rarely have capital to invest in other countries. Post-2008 capital flows is mostly centered around HDEs
conflict- foreign aid may fund corrupt governments and armed groups, FDI can cause conflict between foreign companies and locals
injustice- TNCs may pressure host governments to pass laws to make it cheaper to invest, e.g. no environmental regulations
How have flows of ideas created inequalities conflict and injustice
iniequality- neoliberalism tends to ocncentrate wealth in the hands of the few, it has created protests in countries such as Chile, In October 2019 protests broke out lasting a month, the root cause was increased train fairs but quickly turned to the wider detest of the neo-liberal ideals.
conflict- hdes may intervene unnecesrily creating conflict, e.g. vietnam war and communism
How have flows of technology created inequalities conflict and injustice
inequality- hdes have access to the latest technologies, ldes don’t. advanced technology can help ,ake products more cheaply and better access to information and services. in 2016, 97% people had access to internet only 20% in Myanmar
conflict- repressive governments have used weapons technology to silence their people
what is the world trade oraganisation
The World Trade Organisation is a branch of the UN that focuses on promoting and maintaining world trade (1). Its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland (1). The WTO creates a common rule book for all countries to follow (1). This means that countries are unable to take advantage of each other (1). The WTO enforces global trade, which makes it stable and predictable (1). This has encouraged exponential growth in trading in all countries across the world (1).
what is the imf
international monetary fund moniors the global economy
advises govs how to improve their economic situation
provides loans
what is world bank
provides loans to ldes to invest in health education and infrastructure
loans come as a subscription, one must pay in to take out
this means funds from hdes can be redistributed to ldes but they often have to pay higher interest
how have the imf and world bank enforced unequal power relations
both based in usa so ldes have little desicion making influence
loans are conditional so lde have to often meet harsh conditions to get the loan
hdes keep trade barriers in place despite two trying to diminish them, reduces lde imports boosts hde economies
how has globalisation affected the vume of trade
the volume of trade has increased dramatically, its value has increased 8x between 1980 and 2008
how has globalisation affected the pattern of trade
changing
devloped countries remain the biggest global traders, but emerging economies are catching up, china is now the biggest exporter of goods due to their rapid growth in manufacturing
ldes are also becoming bigger traders but growth is slow, in 1995 African countries accounted fro 2% of world trade and in 2010 it was only 3%
the poorest 49 countries make up 10% of the worl’s populations but only account for 0.4% of the worlds trade
how has globalisation affected the volume of investment
rose dramaticlly from $400 bn in 1996 to $1500 bn in 2016
fdi is attracted to the size and stability of the market, as well as access to financial services such as the large banking sectors in luxembourg
how has globalisation affected the pattern of investment
since the 80s, developed countries are investing less into other hdes and more into emerging economies china was the largest receive of fdi in 2020
emergening economies are now investing into ldes china has in vested slot into Africa and south America
ethical investment has tripled between 2005 and 2016
fishing and whamitorling in antartica
overfisging threatens many species, anartic krill is the most fished species in 2013 over 200,000 tonnes was fished reduced krill populations have a knowck on effect on foodhcains
there are legal limits on how much fishing can take places but there ar high rates of IUU fishing which is hard to monitor
whaling was common for their meat and blubber in the 20th century From a pre-whaling population of about 250,000 blue whales in the Southern Hemisphere, there are now estimated to around 2,300 remaining.
IWC set up the whaling moratorium and the CCAMLR members meet yearly
benefits of globalisation
intergration- countries more than ever before are encouraged to communicate, this creates a better understanding between people and strengthens international relations
problem solving-,global issues such as environmental and climatic problems can be easily addressed, countries can pool resources and tackle these issues more effectively
devlopment- the interest has facilitated mass communication and the increased spread of information, this has helped countries particularly LDEs develop for example kenya has seen an increase in mobile banking and programmes such as the milliulium development goals has significantly decreased inequality
challenges of globalisation
inequality- the richest 20% consume 86% of the worlds resources, although the world is trying to reduce the gap it is only widening
unequal power- hdes retain strong positions in organisations such as the WTO and IMF, tncs are increasingly influencing political decision making and manipulating their host governments
lack of cooperation- globalisation also brings more room for disagreements e.g. achieving a consensus on how to deal with climate change was difficult in 2017 trumop was tryna leave
dangers- the internet creates dangers increased use of the dark web for criminal activities
Where is coffe grown + issues in priduction
warm countries around the equator such as in latin America
most grown in small holdings owned by local farmers but bought by large companies
tends to flow from lde oroducerws to hde consumers
coffee plants susetible to a range of disease e.g. bacterial blight which parents growth
coffee requires certain conditions to grow climate change is like to affect this as wetteer weather makes bacterial infections such as bacterial blight more common whereas drought makes pest infections more common
ferilisters are expensive
