Global Systems And Global Governance

Question 1

trade agreements example

Answer 1

An example of this is the EU, a powerful trade alliance between countries located in Europe. The EU has opened up its borders, allowing for free trade between almost 30 nations. This combined with the import tariffs from other countries has permitted the EU to flourish.

Question 2

transport systems examples

Answer 2

90% of transport of food, products and energy can be accounted for by the shipping industry and 42% of the world’s trade is transported via aviation.
optic fibre cables use light to transmit information, they allow fast communication

Question 3

GFS example

Answer 3

Statistics show that this year alone, FDI in the UK has increased by 4%. The US is our primary source of inward investment projects, delivering approximately 500 projects and 20,000 jobs.
China was the world’s largest receiver of FDI in 2020.

Question 4

Security example

Answer 4

This has developed political globalisation as countries are coming together to form international organisations such as the UN, strengthening international relations. Since 1948, the UN has has helped foster reconciliation though peacekeeping operations in dozens of countries such as Cambodia and El Salvador.
In modern days, security breaches can threaten multiple nations, for example the leak of 2016 released 11.5 million financial and legal records, while this exposed global wrongdoing- similar attacks in future could endanger lives and threaten national security.

Question 5

How have flows of people created stability, growth and development

Answer 5

NAFTA (1994) knocked lots of Mexicans out of work and hit small farmers hard, and a surge of people came to the United States where there were many jobs available. Mexico-born population growing from about 2.8 million in 1979 to about 11.5 million in 2009.In 2010, remittances made up 3% of Mexico’s GDP. ​

People can escape war and persecution

Question 6

How have flows of money created stability, growth and development

Answer 6

Inward investment (FDI) in to developing countries increased from negligible amounts in 1970, to over 240bn in 2004. ​

The number of people in extreme poverty has more than halved since 1990.

remittances

Question 7

How have flows of ideas created stability, growth and development

Answer 7

Opening up of trade restrictions has led to an eight-fold increase in global trade since 1980 due to neoliberalism
 Chile’s economy progressed better than many of its neighbours.
 GDP increased from 9000 in 1961 to 22000 in 2016.
 Seen as Latin America’s most prosperous and stable democracy.
 Reduced poverty from 40% to 3%.
 Increased minimum wage by 16.6%.

Question 8

How have flows of technolgy created stability, growth and development

Answer 8

Telephone access in Uganda through a village phone system allows farmers to gain information on seed pricing or new farming techniques​

silicon valley responsible for innovations in communication and healthcare

Question 9

How have flows of people created inequalities conflict and injustice

Answer 9

Inequality – Brain drain in Europe. Population of Romania declined by 16% since 1989. ​prevenys development

Conflict – In 1990, Albertville, Alabama was 98% white. After just 20 years the all-white town was more than 1/4 Latino.​ There was competition for work, this depressed wages, Many of the ‘American’ population felt as though their jobs were being stolen, they also felt like due to the young influx of workers the migrants were favoured by the management, this is fair as the migrants arrived young meaning they could work for longer before retirement. This also however meant management overlooked legal documents more often than not. The reform stated that if a worker had illegal documents that management was aware of, they would be punished so the management took advantage of the fact illegal papers were easily mistaken for legitimate legal documents.

Injustice – working conditions for migrant workers in Qatar were dangerous for little pay, thousands of workers died building the stadium for 2020 world cup, Kafa system meant worker were ‘owned’ by employers and cannot leave the country unless permitted.

Question 10

How have flows of money created inequalities conflict and injustice

Answer 10

inequality- Money often flows from developed countries to less developed countries. LDEs rarely have capital to invest in other countries. Post-2008 capital flows is mostly centered around HDEs

conflict- foreign aid may fund corrupt governments and armed groups, FDI can cause conflict between foreign companies and locals

injustice- TNCs may pressure host governments to pass laws to make it cheaper to invest, e.g. no environmental regulations

Question 11

How have flows of ideas created inequalities conflict and injustice

Answer 11

iniequality- neoliberalism tends to ocncentrate wealth in the hands of the few, it has created protests in countries such as Chile, In October 2019 protests broke out lasting a month, the root cause was increased train fairs but quickly turned to the wider detest of the neo-liberal ideals.

conflict- hdes may intervene unnecesrily creating conflict, e.g. vietnam war and communism

Question 12

How have flows of technology created inequalities conflict and injustice

Answer 12

inequality- hdes have access to the latest technologies, ldes don’t. advanced technology can help ,ake products more cheaply and better access to information and services. in 2016, 97% people had access to internet only 20% in Myanmar

conflict- repressive governments have used weapons technology to silence their people

Question 13

what is the world trade oraganisation

Answer 13

The World Trade Organisation is a branch of the UN that focuses on promoting and maintaining world trade (1). Its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland (1). The WTO creates a common rule book for all countries to follow (1). This means that countries are unable to take advantage of each other (1). The WTO enforces global trade, which makes it stable and predictable (1). This has encouraged exponential growth in trading in all countries across the world (1). ​

Question 14

what is the imf

Answer 14

international monetary fund moniors the global economy
advises govs how to improve their economic situation
provides loans

Question 15

what is world bank

Answer 15

provides loans to ldes to invest in health education and infrastructure
loans come as a subscription, one must pay in to take out
this means funds from hdes can be redistributed to ldes but they often have to pay higher interest

Question 16

how have the imf and world bank enforced unequal power relations

Answer 16

both based in usa so ldes have little desicion making influence
loans are conditional so lde have to often meet harsh conditions to get the loan
hdes keep trade barriers in place despite two trying to diminish them, reduces lde imports boosts hde economies

Question 17

how has globalisation affected the vume of trade

Answer 17

the volume of trade has increased dramatically, its value has increased 8x between 1980 and 2008

Question 18

how has globalisation affected the pattern of trade

Answer 18

changing
devloped countries remain the biggest global traders, but emerging economies are catching up, china is now the biggest exporter of goods due to their rapid growth in manufacturing
ldes are also becoming bigger traders but growth is slow, in 1995 African countries accounted fro 2% of world trade and in 2010 it was only 3%
the poorest 49 countries make up 10% of the worl’s populations but only account for 0.4% of the worlds trade

Question 19

how has globalisation affected the volume of investment

Answer 19

rose dramaticlly from $400 bn in 1996 to $1500 bn in 2016
fdi is attracted to the size and stability of the market, as well as access to financial services such as the large banking sectors in luxembourg

Question 20

how has globalisation affected the pattern of investment

Answer 20

since the 80s, developed countries are investing less into other hdes and more into emerging economies china was the largest receive of fdi in 2020
emergening economies are now investing into ldes china has in vested slot into Africa and south America
ethical investment has tripled between 2005 and 2016

Question 21

fishing and whamitorling in antartica

Answer 21

overfisging threatens many species, anartic krill is the most fished species in 2013 over 200,000 tonnes was fished reduced krill populations have a knowck on effect on foodhcains
there are legal limits on how much fishing can take places but there ar high rates of IUU fishing which is hard to monitor
whaling was common for their meat and blubber in the 20th century From a pre-whaling population of about 250,000 blue whales in the Southern Hemisphere, there are now estimated to around 2,300 remaining.​
IWC set up the whaling moratorium and the CCAMLR members meet yearly

Question 22

benefits of globalisation

Answer 22

intergration- countries more than ever before are encouraged to communicate, this creates a better understanding between people and strengthens international relations
problem solving-,global issues such as environmental and climatic problems can be easily addressed, countries can pool resources and tackle these issues more effectively
devlopment- the interest has facilitated mass communication and the increased spread of information, this has helped countries particularly LDEs develop for example kenya has seen an increase in mobile banking and programmes such as the milliulium development goals has significantly decreased inequality

Question 23

challenges of globalisation

Answer 23

inequality- the richest 20% consume 86% of the worlds resources, although the world is trying to reduce the gap it is only widening
unequal power- hdes retain strong positions in organisations such as the WTO and IMF, tncs are increasingly influencing political decision making and manipulating their host governments
lack of cooperation- globalisation also brings more room for disagreements e.g. achieving a consensus on how to deal with climate change was difficult in 2017 trumop was tryna leave
dangers- the internet creates dangers increased use of the dark web for criminal activities

Question 24

Where is coffe grown + issues in priduction

Answer 24

warm countries around the equator such as in latin America
most grown in small holdings owned by local farmers but bought by large companies
tends to flow from lde oroducerws to hde consumers
coffee plants susetible to a range of disease e.g. bacterial blight which parents growth
coffee requires certain conditions to grow climate change is like to affect this as wetteer weather makes bacterial infections such as bacterial blight more common whereas drought makes pest infections more common
ferilisters are expensive

Question 25

decribe trade of coffee

Answer 25

mainly produced in ldes and consumed in hdes
biggest producers are brazil and vietname
brazil exported 20% of the worlds coffee in 2015 and USA consumed the same amount, it is the biggest importer
coffee prices fluctuate depending on supply and demand, when vietname entered the market their production was high and completion caused coffee prices to fall from $1,19 to $0.69/kg from 2000-02 this is creating a race to the bottom, in an attempt to undercut a competitors price, quality safe and wages are sacrificed

Question 26

coffee dominated by tncs

Answer 26

onlt 7% of the price of coffee bought in stores goes to coffee farmers, this is because tncs take advantage of the market
they select and buy the cheapest unprocessed beans (already a reason why coffee is cheap) and they increase their value by roasting them selling them at a profit
40% of global coffee is controlled by 4 companies
farmers cannot de ide their own prices that is up to tncs
the increased competition benefits consumers and stores

Question 27

fair trade

Answer 27

founded wqas set up to ensure farmers had a better deal
fair trade p=minimum price is the minimum price that a coffee buyer has to pay to ensure all the costs a farmer has to pay is covered to ensure they don’t fall into poverty
prohibits forced labour and child labour
global sales of fair trade products grew from 15k tonnnes to 80k tonnes per year between 2002 and 2011

Question 28

what are tncs

Answer 28

companies that operate across miultiple countries, they g=create a global supply chain as their spatial organisation means everything from their manufacturers to their retailers are in different countries this gives them economies of scale and means they get the most value from their supply chain
they operate in all types industry primary- shell they extract oil, secondary is toyota- manufacture cars, tertiary- aviva insurance services
they brings lots of investment and can create a multiplier effect, spread new technology, create new jobs so they can have some polktocal influence
they like to operate in areas with weaker environmental regulations

Question 29

social/ cultural global insitutions

Answer 29

UNESCO - mission is to contribute to the building of a culture of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development
WHO- works worldwide to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable.

Question 30

econmoci global institutions

Answer 30

IMF - works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.

Question 31

Envionrmental global insitution

Answer 31

UN IPCC- The main objective of IPCC is to reduce global warming in the world by adopting policies and programs that support environment-friendly approach.

Question 32

Political/military global insituions

Answer 32

UN security ocuncil- one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security
NATO- purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means.

Question 33

what is th UN

Answer 33

the first post-war IGO to be established, with the overall aim to
maintain international peace and security. It has a major role in global governance (the movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to global problems) and
peacekeeping, with 193 global members.
The UN acts as a form of global governance through its several organisations. These
organisations govern different issues on a global scale.

Question 34

what is the un general assembley

Answer 34

All 193 members
are part of the
general
assembly,
making it an
organisation of
universal
representation.
The aim of the
general
assembly is to
discuss and
debate issues of
peace and
security.

Question 35

what is the UN security council

Answer 35

The Security
Council consists
of 15 members,
5 permanent.
This organisation
solves threats to
peace by having
each member
vote. The
security council
can deliver
economic
sanctions and
other means to
resolve issues.

Question 36

what is the un internation court of justice

Answer 36

The court settles
legal disputes
and
international
law breaks that
are submitted by
member states.
The aim of the
court is to
maintain peace
between states,
and to offer legal
advice.

Question 37

what is unesco

Answer 37

The aim of this
organisation is to
maintain peace
through
education,
science, and
culture.
UNESCO’s main
aim is to stand
up for the
freedom
expression.

Question 38

what is un peace keeping

Answer 38

aims to bring
peace to places
of disruption and
post-conflict.
UN’s
peacekeeping
forces are sent
into areas of
instability, with
the aim to
restore stability
and order.

Question 39

un pormoting growth and stability

Answer 39

UN sanctions have allowed inequalities and
injustices to be resolved. The UN punishes
countries that do not abide by international
laws. For example, the UN has imposed
several sanctions against Iran
to deter Iran’s use of nuclear enrichment and
reprocessing.

After nearly 15 years in Liberia, the UN peacekeeping mission ended in 2018, having disarmed more than 100,000 combatants, enabling about one million refugees to return home.

The UN promotes economic, social growth through the creation of international treaties and goals. The UN’s
Millennium Development Goals and
Sustainable Development Goals aim to globally improve quality of life, targeting literacy rates, poverty, famine. child mortality had dropped by 53%

Question 40

un inequalities and injustices

Answer 40

Peacekeeping forces
have been accused of sexual assault, human
trafficking, child prostitution
during multiple dispatches. The UN’s Kosovo
Mission had many crimes involving 800 counts of
sexual abuse. These crimes disastrously
exacerbate inequalities of the already
vulnerable citizens.
The UN, on several occasions, has been
accused of being inactive in many cases
where aid or intervention is desperately
needed. Some say the UN have an inability to
prevent conflicts, which creates further
injustice. The UN have been criticised for not
preventing the 1971 Bangladesh
Genocide.
MDG was not successful in every country Sub-Saharan Africa was by far the most behind. It did not even meet the goal for extreme poverty reduction, Benin met none of its goals

Question 41

scales of global governance

Answer 41

global- un- issues affecting several nationals e.g. war and climate change
international- eu- regional trade disputes
national- UK parlimanet- national debates, brexit
regional- london assembly- interregional debates
local- brent council0 ;local probelms