Population Flashcards
Malthus’ main principle
Named “the principle of population” - an essay written as a rebuttal for common beliefs of population growth at the time
Did Malthus have a simple or complex view of the world?
It was a simple view. He believed that the solution to the issue of population growth was to control it so the amount of resources would stay sufficient
What did Malthus believe?
That the growing population would eventually exhaust the world’s resources and decrease quality of life
What did Malthus believe there was too much focus on?
Population growth
What did Malthus believe there was not enough focus on?
Improving the quality of living
What did Malthus write?
That the rate of population growth was faster than the growth of food supplies, meaning there would not be enough resources for everyone
A positive check (Malthus)
More people may be killed from wars trying to get hold of resources
Preventive check (Malthus)
People might try and prevent growth by having smaller families
What did Boserup believe?
In basic terms: technology and innovation will allow for food production to grow with population growth
Why was technology important to Boserup’s beliefs?
Technology would be a major aspect as she believed people would be motivated with the risk of starvation and the challenge of feeding more mouths. Therefore people would invent new technology and ways to improve farming and food production.
Evidence of Boserup’s views
The environment has limits though it can be changed with technology. More agricultural production in smaller space. New technologies to improve pesticides Hugely increased yield allowing more people to be fed
What did Boserup write?
“Necessity is the mother of invention” meaning that if you need it, someone will invent it.
Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition model:
High stationary (population is low but balanced due to high birth and death rates)
Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition model:
Early expanding (total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in healthcare)
Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition model:
Late expanding (total population still, rising rapidly, the gap between birth and death rates narrows, natural increase is high
Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition model:
Low stationary (total population is high, balanced with low birth and death rate, birth control available, desire for small families)
Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition model:
(Decline?) Total population high going into decline as it ages, continued desire for smaller families, having kids later in life
As a country passes through the DTM….
The total population rises
Most LEDCs are at what stage of the DTM?
2/3 - growing population, high natural increase
Most MEDCs are at what stage in the DTM?
4
Stage 5 country in the DTM
Germany
Limitations of the DTM
The study was developed after studies in Western Europe and America (may be different for LEDCs) The original model doesn’t allow for the 5th stage, now relevant to 21st century MEDCs
Amount of babies per woman decrease when….
- children survive
- children aren’t needed for work
- family planning is accessible
- woman get education and join the labour force
Crude Birth Rate
the number of live births per 1000 people per year
Crude Death Rate
the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is the limits to growth model?
A study that examined 5 basic factors that ultimately limit growth on the planet
The 5 assessment factors of the limits to growth model
Population, agricultural production, pollution, natural resources, industrial production
What was the final value limits to growth came up with?
That by 2070 the limits to growth would be reached provided we keep at this trend
Why is population growth halted according to Limits to growth?
Because of the rising death rate due to deceased food, water, and medical services
How were the limits to growth factors observed?
To grow at an exponential rate
According to LTG, why will industrial growth slow down?
Food production and population grew exponentially until resources diminished
According to LTG, what will increase just after industrialisation?
Population and pollution
What is natural increase?
The difference between the birth and death rate of a country (NR = BR - DR)
What does OECD stand for?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
What does the OECD do?
A forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy
Examples of OECD countries
Australia, U.K., Chile, France, Germany - Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index
What is a HIPC country?
Heavily indebted poor countries, a group of 38 developing countries
Examples of HIPC countries
DRC, Chad, Tanzania, Ghana, Afghanistan, Liberia, Uganda
What is an OPEC country?
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Examples of OPEC countries
Iran, Iraq, Indonesia, Ecuador, UAE, Venezuela, Libya
Pro-natal country
The policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate.
Anti-natal country
The philosophical position that asserts a negative value judgement towards birth
Ageing population
An aging population is defined as a population in which the number of elderly (65+) is increasing relative the the number of 20-64 year olds
Youthful population
A higher proportion of young people. Caused by high birth rates and a reduction in infant mortality due to better nutrition, education and medical care.
Advantages of a youthful population
Provides a large and cheap future workspace, provides a growing market for manufactured product
Disadvantages youthful population
This may create problems with food supply, housing, education and eventually a job.
Advantages ageing population
Experience in the workforce, contribution to society, economic structure
Disadvantages of an ageing population
Number of places in old people’s homes, demand for benefits, pension and healthcare, less Economic growth,
Are MEDCs or LEDCs more likely to have a pro-natalist policy?
MEDCs would more likely have a pronatalist policy
Are MEDCs or LEDCs more likely to have a anti-natalist policy?
LEDCs would more likely have an anti natalist party
How could a country encourage population increase?
Allow a large number of immigrants into the country
What is the aim of an anti-natalist policy?
This is because they have a low birth rate which would have a more likely chance of having to bring in that policy
What ideas might a pro-natalist government take on?
Improve health care, ban contraceptives
Aim of an anti-natal policy
To place a limit on human reproduction
Why would a country have a low fertility rate?
People are more aware of the availability of contraception and consequences an unplanned pregnancy can have on their career, Women choose to follow their career choice rather than start a family,later marriages, couples no longer need children to help care for them when older due to state benefits
Aim or pro-natal policy
To promote reproduction
What would an anti-natalist policy take on?
Encourage women to work or have careers, Raise the minimum age for marriage
Fertility rate
Births per 1000 woman. Total fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman ensures a broadly stable population.
Total fertility rate
the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates
Family planning
The practice of control the number of children one has, and the interval between their births
Ethical issues with the China one child policy
Over 336 million abortions have taken place
Changes to the one child policy
Form 2013, if both members of the couple had been only children, they were allowed another child
How successful is the one child policy
It is successful in how they reached the low birth rate they wanted, but now the population is ageing too fast and the amount of abortions make it unsuccessful
History of the one child policy
Introduced in 1978; in 2008, 76% of people were still ‘for’ the policy. It placed for population control
Internal migration
Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.
External migration
Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent.
Immigration
Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
Push factors
Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.).
Pull factors
Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.).
Migration stream
A group migration from a particular country, region, or city to a certain destination.
Population transfer
When a government forces a large group of people out of a region, usually based on ethnicity or religion. This is also known as an involuntary or forced migration.
Refugee
A person who is residing outside the country of his or her origin due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
