Population Flashcards
1
Q
What is an ageing population?
A
Population in which the proportion of people over 65 is increasing.
2
Q
What is birth rate?
A
The number of live births per thousand population per year, expressed as births per 1000.
3
Q
What is a census?
A
An official registration of the number of the people, and valuation of their estate, for the purpose of imposing taxes, and other general statistics of a country, usually made every 10 years.
4
Q
What is a contractive pyramid?
A
A population pyramid with a relatively narrow base showing a recently declining birth rate. (Stage 3 DTM)
5
Q
What is death rate?
A
The number of deaths per 1000 population per year, expressed as deaths per 1000.
6
Q
What is the Demographic transition?
A
The changing relationship over time of the birth and death rates from both high to both low. Illustrated by the demographic transition model.
7
Q
What is population density?
A
The number of people per square kilometer
8
Q
What is the dependency ratio?
A
Shows how many young people aged less than 15 and older people over 65 depend on people of working age. It is worked out by the % of people aged younger than 15 plus the % over 65, divided by the % aged 15-64.
Countries with a high dependency ratio have less working age people and more people that need looking after.
9
Q
what is population distribution?
A
The way in which people are spread or dispersed across an area.
10
Q
What is total fertility rate?
A
The average number of children born to a woman in her life time.
11
Q
What is infant mortality rate?
A
A measure of the number of infants dying under 1 year of age, usually expressed as a number of deaths per 1000 live births, per year.
12
Q
What is fertility rate?
A
The number of children born to 1000 women of child bearing age.
13
Q
What is crude birth rate?
A
the number of births in a given year divided by the population and multiplied by 1000.
14
Q
What is natural change?
A
The change in the size of a population caused by the interrelationship between birth and death rates. If the birth rate exceeds the death rate then the population will increase. If the death rate exceeds the birth rate then the population will decrease.
15
Q
What is life expectancy?
A
The average number of years a person from a specific country is expected to live.
16
Q
How do you calculate population change?
A
Birthrate+- death rate +- migration
17
Q
How does health affect a country’s population?
A
- High standard of healthcare in a country lowers infant mortality and birth rate as people don’t need to have as many children.
- Better healthcare as well as healthy diets etc means people live longer and death rate is lowered.
- Access to drugs to relieve people of diseases.
18
Q
How does education affect a country’s population?
A
- Emancipation of women reduces birth rate as women get careers instead of staying home and raising children
- Compulsory education ensures people are educated about hygiene, contraception STDs, etc. So death rate and birth rates will be lowered.
- High standards of education in the long term can lead to medical advancements and better trained doctors.
19
Q
How do social provisions affect a country’s population?
A
- Good social care provided to elderly increases life expectancy and reduces death rate.
- Availability of clean water means water bourne diseases are less prevalent.
- Media makes it easier to educate people and raise awareness about things such as outbreaks of disease.
20
Q
How do cultural factors affect a country’s population?
A
- Some cultures + religions condemn contraception and encourage large families (catholics) increasing birth rate.
- In some countries, use of contraception, abortion etc. is banned leading to a higher birth rate as well as death rate due to spread of STIs.
- Some cultures say that women’s only role is to stay at home and raise children, leading to an increased birth rate.
21
Q
How do political factors affect a country’s population?
A
- some countries have pro-natalist policies and provide benefits to people who have children and encourage more children as a result of a natural decrease and ageing population, (France)
- Conversely, some countries have anti-natalist policies as they see large population growth as a threat (Malthus). Such as in China where people have to pay fines for the second or more children.
- High taxation may mean people cannot afford to raise children. Young people may migrate leaving an ageing population
- War significantly reduces birthrate as people are occupied with fighting but after wars there are often ‘baby booms’
22
Q
How do environmental factors affect a country’s population?
A
- Countries with frequent natural disasters will have a high death rate, as well as high outmigration of people fearing for their life, lowering their population
- In countries with heavy industry, air and water pollution can increase the death rate and infant mortality rate so people have more children.
- Very hot or very cold countries will have increased death rates due to spread of disease in the warm or effects of the cold.
23
Q
What does population distribution describe?
A
The way people are spread out across the Earth.
24
Q
What does population density describe?
A
The number of people living in a given area, calculated by number of people in an area / size of the area
25
What are the advantages of a dense population?
A dense population ensures that 100% of available resources are used by a city. As a result, the efficiency in which these resources are used tends to increase to reduce costs which can ultimately end up benefiting the environment since people become less wasteful with resources.
26
What are the disadvantages of a dense population?
Very dense populations put a strain on resources such as food and water. They also put strain on social services such as healthcare. Very dense populations cause housing shortages and often result in the development of shanty towns or alternatively, many high rise apartments. Dense populations increase noise and air pollution since there is a lot of human activity. They also increase congestion as a result of the mass of people using cars.
27
Why are some areas of the UK densely populated?
Places with good connections such as cities with ports are densely populated as there are many industries close to the port so jobs avaliable and workers will move closer to the industry. The place is also attractive for migrants. Such as Liverpool in the UK.
Developments such as Liverpool One shopping centre also make the area more attractive.
28
Why are some areas of the UK sparsely populated?
Most of Scotland is sparsely populated except from the major cities. This is probably because of the relief in the area that makes developments of good infrastructure difficult and discourages the development of industry in the area, so there are little jobs for people. Also cold climate can make people unattracted to that area.
29
Why might distribution change?
- Migration
- Counter urbanisation - urban to rural migration.
- Ageing population moving to coastal areas and countryside
- Redevelopment of areas, can decrease population density as high rise buildings are demolished in favour of houses instead, or vice versa.
30
What is the replacement level fertility?
The level of fertility at which population exactly replaces itself from generation to generation.
In MEDCs it is 2,1 per woman but in countries with higher mortality rates, the average number of births needs to be higher.
31
How can level of healthcare affect fertility rate?
- Improvements in healthcare lead to a drop in infant mortality, so people dont have to have as many children.
- Availability of contraceptives and knowledge and desire to use it can reduce the fertility rate. In Rwanda, 10% of women practice modern methods of contraception an total fertility rate is 5.12, wheras in Brazil 70% of women practice modern methods of family planning and total fertility rate is 2.21.
32
How does level of education affect fertility rate?
- Some contries access to health and education may be limited such as Afghanistan.
- Higher literacy rates lead to improved knowledge of birth control, more opportunities for employment and more choice, leading to lower fertility rates.
33
How can religion affect fertility rates?
Islam and Catholics oppose the use of birth control.
| In many parts of the world, tradition and religion calls for high rates of reproduction.
34
How can the status of women affect fertility rates?
In some countries, it is seen as the woman's role too have as many children as possible.
35
What economic factors affect fertility rates?
- Women have more opportunities for employment so may have less children and marry later.
- Reduced access to employment means women are forced to devote most of their time and energy to child bearing.
- In LEDCs, children are seen as economic assets as they can be used as workers on land to bring in more income.
- Education and childcare makes it very expensive to have a child in some countries.
36
How can political factors affect fertility rates?
-Some governments try to influence the rate of population growth, with pro or anti natalist policies e.g. China and Singapore.
37
How do high infant mortality rates affect fertility?
High infant mortality rates mean people have more children to ensure more survivors.
38
How do age structures of a country affect fertility rates?
-Countries with large proportions of young people may see population increase due to more people in the fertile ages.
39
What factors affect mortality?
- Age distribution (more old people, more deaths)
- Gender (women have a higher life expectancy
- Occupation
- Income
- Literacy (more educated, get paid more)
- Access to food
- Medical facilities
40
What are the advantages of the DMT?
- Can be applied to all countries
- Timescales are flexible
- Easy to understand
- Easy to compare between countries
- Describes what happened to the UK well.
- NICs are going through similar stages, just faster due to imported knowledge.
- Gives a good generalised picture
41
What are disadvantages of the DMT?
Birth rates in several MEDCs have declined below death rate so a 5th stage had to be added.
- Not as relevant to countries that are not industrialising, such as many African countries.
- Timescale is being shortened as countries develop at much faster rates.
- Model does not include impacts of migration
42
What are the 5 stages of the DMT?
1 - high fluctuating - low population, high birth and death rates
2 - early expanding - raising population, declining death rate, high birth rate
3 - late expanding - increasing population, declining birth rate, low death rate
4 - low fluctuating - high population, low death rate, low birth rate
5 - zero population / low declining - high population declining slightly - low birth rate, below death rate.
43
What does the dependancy ratio show?
How reliant young and old people are on the economically active population. Expressed as:
dependancy ratio = young population (0-14) + old population (65+) divided by population aged 15-64
44
What is the optimistic population theory?
The optimistic theory: Boserup
Key concept: Population growth drives economic development; people are intelligent so when old resources run out, we find new ways and technology to replace them
Evidence: Coal replaced oil and gas, Coal is being replaced by renewables and nuclear as it is running out. Food production has evolved - genetically modified crops, selective breeding etc.
45
What is the pessimistic population theory?
The pessimistic theory: Malthus
Key concept: Population growth will always outstrip food supply with negative consequences such as war and famine. This is because population increases geometrically (2,4,8,12,24...) whereas food supply increases arithmetically (2,4,6,8,10...)
He said preventative checks would reduce birth rate and positive checks would increase death rate (war famine etc.)
Evidence: Countries in Africa are suffering from serious famine due to lack of food.
46
What are some benefits of an ageing population?
Economic -
Employment opportunities for care workers, grey pound: older people have spending power which provides an economic boost in the form of tourism etc, changes to infrastructure to aid mobility, they can still do part/full time work: beneficial to companies as they can work flexible hours
Social -
They do volunteer work in day care centres, charities etc, they pass down wisdom (knowledge of life), uneven distribution of the elderly at the south coast means more services for the elderly. They can provide childcare for working parents.
Political -
Grey vote: the elderly are more likely to vote compared to other age groups hence parties adapt policies which appease the elderly to secure votes.
47
What are the problems with an ageing population?
Economic -
Pension crisis: there are less people of working age who pay taxes that provide old age pensions. This number will fall from 60 to 55% in the next 30 years
Growing health crisis: diseases such as dementia are increasing and sufferers need constant care. Geriatric care, therefore is required more (care for the old). The services are concentrated in popular retirement locations such as the south coast of England and the rural urban fringe.
Social -
Raised retirement age from 65 to 70 can cause upset, uneven population distribution means less services for the young, impact on family: more pressure to look after the elderly
48
How can an ageing population be managed?
Pension reforms such as increasing the retirement age so that people work for longer and collect their pensions for a less time
Immigration of people of working age will increase the proportion of the working age so more taxes are paid to support pensions and health care services for the elderly
49
Are policies to manage an ageing population sustainable?
Economically:
Yes - a larger working population (from migration) reduces the dependency ratio and helps people now and in the future. This is because taxes can be raised to pay for health care and pensions so economic resources can be generated to support the ageing population structure.
No - In the future, the large working age population (obtained from migration) will be over 65 so there will still be an aging population: immigration would have to be steady at all times to ensure there is always a large enough population for the growing ageing population
Environmentally:
For it to be environmentally sustainable - migrants need to be housed in sustainable homes with sustainable energy to ensure that the increased population does not damage the environment for the future generations. In this way the environment and resources are not polluted so they can be used by future generations.
50
What is the carrying capacity?
Maximum number of individuals that can be supported sustainably by a given environment.
51
What is the optimum population policy?
If the population is too small then resources cannot be developed effectively.
The optimum population is the size that permits the full utilisation of the natural resources of an area giving a maximum per capita output and standard of living.
If there is overpopultaion, but an increase in population or decrease in natural resources, standards of living will decline as a whole.
52
What was Malthus's theory?
He said there was a finite population size in relation to food supply and any increase in population beyond that point (crisis point) would lead to decrease in standard of living and to war famine and disease.
His theory was based on 2 principles:
-Food supply only increases at an arithmetic rate
-Population grows at an eponential rate.
Malthus suggested to reduce the population growth by:
-delaying age of marriage
-abstinence of sex
53
What was Boserup's theory?
She believed that people have the resources of knowledge and technology to increase food production. As population increases, technology develops to supply the demand of the increasing population.
54
What are the stages of the DMT?
- High fluctuation
- Early expanding
- Late expanding
- Low fluctuating
- Zero population
55
What are some of the strengths of the DTM?
- Good generalised picture
- Easy to compare countries
- How population may change in the future of countries can be predicted
- Describes what happened to the UK well
- NICs are going through similar stages just faster.
56
What are some weaknesses of the DTM?
- Original data used from mainly European countries so may not reflect world wide changes
- Population in countries with different cultures may vary - e.g. catholic religion condemns contraception so birth rates stay high.
- There is no time scale to the DTM so you can't predict when a country will reach a stage of how long it will last for.
- Doesn't take into account migration, education of women etc.
- Not as relevant to countries that aren't industrialising.
- LEDCs going through the stages faster, due to imported knowledge.
- Doesnt account for countries with population control policies, war or areas of high infectious diseases.
57
What is an ageing population?
When there is an increasing proportion of elderly people
| regressive population structure
58
What country has an ageing population?
Italy has had an 85% rise in old age dependency ratio.
In response to this the government might:
-Raise retirement age
-Reduce facilities available to retired people
-Encourage a higher birth rate with financial incentives
-Encourage immigration.
59
What is a youthful population?
When there's a low infant mortality but still high birth rate you get a youthful population with a progressive population structure.
60
what are some issues with a youthful population?
- Pressure on schools
| - More dependants so less working age people in work.
61
Where is there a youthful population and what are the implications of this?
-In Uganda there is a high fertility rate of 6.7 children.
-Early child bearing means fewer women in education restricting opportunities
-Overcrowding and rural urban migration leads to growth of shanty towns.
Negatives:
-Youths will with time become elderly dependents
-Spending is diverted from defence, transport etc.
-Cost of healthcare
-Potentially higher crime rates & high unemployment
-increased cost of child benefits
Positives:
- Abundance of future workers to provide large tax base for country
- large future market
- educated and IT literate population
62
What are some responses to a youthful population?
- Antinatalist policies
- increase immigration of economically active
- investment in youth education
- privatised healthcare
- removal of child benefits
- reduce infant mortality rates
- greater care of elderly dependants so people dont feel the need to have as many children
- reduced birth rates contraception family planning etc.
63
What is migration?
Movement of people from one place to another to live.
64
Give some examples of forced migration.
- Jews in Nazi Germany
| - Slave trade
65
What is the push pull model of migration?
There are push factors that make a person want to leave an area and pull factors that attract a person to a place.
66
What is the Lee Model of migration?
The idea that between the place of origin and destination there may be obstacles that need to be overcome. There are pros and cons of origin and destination, migrants expect to get some advantage from the move.
67
What are Ravenstein's Laws?
- Most migrants travel short distances, as distance increases, number of migrants decreases.
- Migration occurs in stages like a wave like motion
- Most migrants are adults
- Females migrate more in own country, men venture beyond.
68
What is Stoufer's law?
That number of migrants decreases as distance increases because of intervening opportunities such as jobs.
69
What are the push factors of Mexico for migrants?
- High crime rates in Mexico. Fear for their lives and want a stable place to live.
- Unemployment and poverty in Mexico, rates of 5.37% out of work.
- 47% of the population live under the poverty line.
- Climate and natural hazards in Mexico. Mexico is very arid and suffers from water shorages as well as natural disasters such as volcanoes earthquakes, hurricanes. People may migrate if their homes have been made uninhabitable.
- 6% lacking access to drinking water.
70
What are pull factors of America for migrants?
- Better quality of life in America.
- Existing migrant communities in states such as Texas and California make it easier for people to settle once moved. People may move in with their families.
- Better academic opportunities in America for children, to give them an improved future.
71
What are the social impacts of Mexico-US migration?
- Many Mexicans can't speak fluent English which can create tension between migrants and locals.
- Increased segregation, crime and violence.
- Concerns of immigrants increasing crime rates in areas they might migrate to, especially drug related.
- Introduction of Mexican cultural traditions into America have helped improve cultural aspects of these states, e.g. Mexican themed food "Taco Bell"
- Diversity of America improved.
- Spanish is now commonly taught in American schools widening the skill set of the younger population.
- In Mexico, as many young people leave, the population is becoming increasingly dependent and elderly cannot work.
- Birth rate in Mexico is also being reduced.
- Increasing dependency ration/
- Migrants leaving Mexico are majority male, so women left behind cannot find partners as easily reducing birth rate.
72
What are the economic impacts of immigration from Mexico to America?
- Mexican migrants often take low paying menial jobs, which Americans don't want to do, but as unemployment rises in America, Americans want the jobs and social tension increases as Americans believe their jobs are being taken.
- Migrants work at very low wages, and Americans who are desperate are expected to work at those low wages as well, increasing poverty in America
- Some companies replace American labour with cheaper migrant jobs.
- Mexicans pay taxes however they often send money home to relatives (remittances) instead of spending it in America, affecting country's economy.
- As people move out of Mexico, pressure on land, services and jobs is reduced so unemployment will fall and services won't be overcapacity.
- When skilled workforce leaves, there is a shortage of potential workers to fill these jobs.
- Mexican's population is very dependent on food grown in Mexico, but majority of migrants come from rural areas, leaving a shortage of farmers and potential food shortages.
73
What are some details about Mexico-America Migration?
- Involves movement of Mexicans into the southern states of America which border Mexico.
- California currently houses 11,500,000 immigrants.
74
What are some obstacles of Mexico - US migration?
- A border that spans four US states and 6 mexican states.
| - A large desert and journeys across this can be very dangerous.
75
What is transmigration?
A scheme created by the Indonesian government to ease overpopulation of the capital of Java to move people to less populated areas and islands.
76
What were the main aims of transmigration in Indonesia?
- To create balanced demographic spread by easing population density in the main cities
- To eliminate poverty by providing land for the landless.
- To exploit the outer islands of Indonesia.
77
How did the Indonesian government persuade people to transmigrate?
-Provided them with land money and fertilizer to sustain a small farm.
78
What were the problems with Indonesia's transmigration policy?
- Outer islands of Indonesia contain 10% of the world's remaining rainforests which were destroyed by transmigrants.
- Resettlement was political, to remove the indigenous population from outer islands.
- The project cost the government nearly $7000 per family and worsened Indonesia's debt.
- Poverty was worsened due to poor farming conditions, no access to markets and poor site preparation.
- People didn't know how to farm effectively.
79
What is economic sustainability?
Considers the ability of economies to maintain themselves when resources decline or become too expensive and when populations dependent on these resources are growing.
80
What are the reasons for migration from Catinga to Rio?
- Large population growth in rural areas puts pressure on the environment.
- Wages in Rio are about 6x wages in rural areas.
- Sub-division of land passed on makes a subsistence life much harder and reduces the assets against which a rural inhabitant could get a loan.
- Increased mechanisation means there is greater rural unemployment
- Better healthcare services in Rio, infant mortality is lower.
81
What are the consequences of rural- urban migration in Rio?
- Higher rates of infant mortality than towns.
- Half a million people sleeping on the streets.
- Increased air pollution as the pressures of population creates a need for more industry.
- Old water system cannot cope and leaking pipes lead to contamination
- Increased traffic and air pollution
- 60% population suffer from breathing problems.
- Favelas crop up and expand, occupying least desirable land.
- Developments can be on steep slopes increasing chances of landslides.
82
What are the impacts of rural to urban migration in Catinga?
- If migrant finds work in the city, village he left will benefit from money sent home.
- As pressures of urbanisation increase, government expenditure on them increases, leaving rural areas with a lack of health and welfare funding etc.
- Brain drain in the area as young motivated males leave.
- Population left in rural area become elderly and cannot support themselves as well.
83
What are some consequences for the migrants?
- Forced to live in squalid conditions in the favelas
- Often only work available is in the informal sector.
- Often feel forced to stay in the cities as they dont want to face the failure of going home.
84
What was the Club of Rome's theory?
They used a computer based simulation of the future and published a report 'Limits to growth' which predicted the inevitable collapse of civilisation, unless economic growth was halted immediatley.
-It was predicted that of world population hit 7 billion by 2000, a deadly chain reaction would be set off, the world would run out of farm land and prices of oil, food etc. would rise rapidly.
85
How reliable was the Club of Rome's predictions?
- Predictions were far off the mark.
- Doesn't take into account human dimension to adapt and innovate.
- Human responses have changed, e.g. alternative supplies of fuel.
86
How reliable was Malthus's theory?
- In Africa there are high birthrates, but many positive checks such as soil erosion, wars and crop degradtion.
- However there have been many technical and scientific improvements such as machinery for farming.
- Reduced population growth as countries move through the DTM.
87
What is an anti-natalist policy/ theory?
To limit the number of births to lower the country's population growth rate.
88
What is a pro-natalist policy/theory?
To increase population growth by attempting to raise the number of births.
89
How reliable was Boserup's theory?
- Changes in technology have happened e.g GM crops
- However, overpopulation can lead to unsuitable farming practices that may degrade the land, e.g. desertification in the Sahel.
- Theory is based on the assumption that society is closed but in reality people migrate.
90
Why did China need a policy to reduce population growth?
China has over a quarter of the world's population but only 5% of fossil fuels and 7% of the land's surface, so there is a population - resource imbalance.
China's government believed if population growth wasn't reduced, there may be dire consequences e.g. famine. (Link to Malthus)
A large population was seen as beneficial for military to have strong presence and for industrialisation in China in 1940s. But by 1960s, there was a huge famine, lack of arable land and unemployment.
91
What policies did China's government enforce?
In the 1970s people were encouraged to reduce birth rate with the slogan 'LATER LONGER FEWER'
By 1978 the 1 Child policy was introduced. It was supposed to last for 100 years.
92
What were the incentives of China's one child policy?
- Age limits and certificates to reduce marriages.
- Free birth control and family planning advice
- Cash bonuses, improved housing and free education and medical care if couples only had one child
- People with more than one child would lose benefits and face financial penalites.
93
Was the policy successful?
Yes, The growth rate more than halved from 37,000 in 1960 to 14 thousand in 2000.
300 million births have been prevented.
However, this decrease in fertility may have happened without the policy, by natural transition through the stages of the DTM as the country becomes more developed.
94
What have the compromises of the One Child Policy been?
- Female infanticide as boys are preffered
- Enforced abortions and sterilisations
- Little Emperor syndrome (spoilt children)
- Ageing population, less people of working age and a higher dependency ration.
- Difference between the sex ratio; 118:100 boys to girls
- Men will find it difficult to find a wife
- When children become adults, they will have many elderly dependants.
95
Why does India need to control population?
India is set to overtake China in population size with about 1.2 billion people in as little as 20 years.
96
How is India trying to reduce population growth?
- National family planning program established in 1952 played an important role in India's fertility decline.
- Compulsory education means women are less likely to have children at a young age and more want to pursue careers before having children.
- Financial incentives provided for people to get sterilised.
97
Give some facts about Singapore?
```
South East Asia,
population of 5 million,
GNP per capita of $52,200
DMT stage: 5
8th richest country in the world
Low tax, wealthy citizens, competitive in a global market.
```
98
From 1960 to 1980 why did the government in Singapore see population increase as a problem?
- They thought like Malthus, as population increased to exceed resources a crisis point would be reached.
- Living standards would decrease, schools would be overcrowded, medical services under pressure and employment more difficult.
- Political stability would reduce.
- Growth rate of 4.4 percent.
99
What policies were used in Singapore to reduce population growth rate?
"STOP AT TWO"
- Family planning and population board - provided clinical services and contraception.
- Legalised abortion + sterilisation in 1970
- Mothers received no unpaid maternity leave.
- Priority for school places for children from small families.
100
Were the policies to reduce growth rate in Singapore successful?
Yes.
-Fertility rate declined below the replacement level in 1975
-Increases in income, education, woman's participation in paid employment.
HOWEVER
Other factors may have contributed to a decline in population such as natural transition through the DTM, woman emancipation and cost of raising children.
101
After the 1980s why did government see population decrease as a problem?
-Not enough people to fill jobs
102
What policies were introduced after the 1980s to increase population growth rate?
"HAVE THREE OR MORE IF YOU CAN AFFORD IT"
- Tax rebates for 3rd child
- Subsidies for daycare
- Priority in school enrolment for larger families.
103
Were the population policies to increase growth rate in Singapore successful?
Not really as financial incentives were not great enough due to people already being well off.
Total fertility rate only 1.44 far short of replacement level of 2.1.
104
What are the impacts of Singapore's policies?
Population is still declining despite efforts to increase it.
Population is ageing, putting pressure on healthcare and pension payouts, less people of working age to pay taxes and job vacancies not being filled. 40% filled by migrants.
105
What is counter urbanisation?
People moving away from urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas.
Leads to the growth of rural areas beyond the city.
106
What are general reasons for counter - urbanisation?
- Improvement in transport links so commuting is easier.
| - Improvement in technology so people can work from home
107
What are urban push factors?
- High levels of air pollution
- Expensive housing
- High crime rates
- Overcrowding - pressures on school and healthcare.
108
What are rural pull factors?
- More space/ gardens
- Nice views
- Less pollution
- Better house for your money
- Better communities.
109
What is a suburbanised village?
Commuter villages with a residential population who sleep in the village and travel to work in the nearby large urban area.
110
Who moves to rural areas?
- Middle class families
- Retired people
- Wealthy who want a second home
- Business people
- Young professionals (ICT)
111
What are consequences of counter urbanisation?
"Rural turnaround"
- Increasing demand pushes up house prices so young people who grew up there cannot stay in their village.
- Less elderly village born residents due to death
- In-migration of young to middle aged couples with children for a better quality of life.
- In-migration of younger professionals commuters or people who work from home.
112
What is the impacts of counter urbanisation on the original village core?
- Village shop gets more custom
- More high status services will open
- Traffic increases
- Old houses in village core
- Speed limits, concern for many children.
113
What is infilling?
houses built on vacant land
114
What is accretion?
Whole new modern estates built
115
What is modification?
Change of building function e.g. pub converted to nursery.
116
What is Ribbon development?
Houses built along key roads of the village.
117
What are Adjuncts?
Greenfield sites
Houses built on farmland added onto the edge of the village
Increases outward growth of the village
Whole new estates.
118
What are isolates?
Original farm buildings surrounding the edge of the village.
May be second homes
Barn conversions.
119
What are positive rural impacts of counterurbanisation?
- Wealthy migrants bring money to the local economy
- Old farm houses converted instead of laying derelict
- Increase in services and shops sell greater range of products
- Village school may expand
- More council tax to support services and improving roads
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What are negative rural impacts of counter urbanisation?
- Newcomers may not use local services
- Many new homes may be second hoomes and unoccupied so not all money is spent in this area.
- Infilling can make area look crowded.
- Increase in traffic and congestion
- House prices rise, young locals can't buy houses
- NIMBYism with new housing developments.
- Houses built on greenfield sites destroy habitats.
- Loss of rural community spirit.
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What are positive urban impacts of counter urbanisation?
Less traffic and congestion in inner city areas.
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What are negative urban impacts of counter urbanisation?
- Brain drain as more qualified people leave the area
- Population decline means businesses have fewer customers
- City loses out on local taxation revenue.
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What is an example of a suburbanised village?
St Ives, a small town about 100km north of London, just of A14 trunk road.
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What is social welfare?
the well being of communities. It refers to the access that groups of people or individuals have to job opportunities, education, an unpolluted environment, a safe environment and freedom to practise one’s culture, religion etc.
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What are the main parts of a typical urban area?
```
CBD
Inner city
Suburbs
Rural Urban Fringe
Rural
```
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What is the CBD?
Urban centre, usually just businesses located here.
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What is the Inner city?
Part of an urban area surrounding the CBD, often contains older housing and industry in a state of dereliction
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What are the suburbs?
Outer zone of towns and cities, may include suburbanised villages
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What is the rural urban fringe?
A zone of transition between built up area and countryside,
| mixed uses of shopping malls, golf courses, farmland and motorways as well as villages.
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What is the rural area?
Open countryside beyond urban areas where population density is low and there are villages and isolates.
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Where is Preston?
A city in Lancashire which fits the concentric zone model fairly well. Fishwick is the inner city area, Ashton the Suburb, Lea the Rural urban fringe and Longton rural.
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What is one way that Longton doesn't fit the generalised characteristics of a rural area?
More services that might be expected, including a bus service to the city centre, because of difficulty parking.
Lots of shops and a supermarket in Longton.
